Is Going to College a Waste of Time

Is Going to College a Waste of Time Your entire life, you have been adapted to accept that you will possibly find a decent line of work and be effective on the off chance that you state those four enchantment words: I’m heading off to college. An ever increasing number of explores bolster the possibility that it’s not really evident. Indeed, in spite of the fact that school graduates are bound to have a higher pay and progressively stable life, non-school graduates can be similarly as upbeat and effective with the correct disposition. A Self-Made Life: Can You Survive Without a Degree? Consider it. What number of business visionaries, thought pioneers, and fruitful agents have dropped out of school or never at any point joined in? What's more, we’re not discussing no-name neighborhood examples of overcoming adversity. The absolute most extravagant men on the planet (Facebook architect Mark Zuckerberg, Macintosh originator Steve Jobs, and Microsoft extremely rich person Bill Gates, just to give some examples) dropped out of school to seek after their notoriety and fortune. Truth be told, as school costs rise and employments become progressively serious, school graduates are soliciting whether the 4-year speculation from time and cash is extremely justified, despite all the trouble. In an ongoing Salon article, previous Secretary of Labor Robert Reich destroys the advanced education model as it as of now stands. He says: â€Å"Too regularly in present day America, we liken â€Å"equal opportunity† with a chance to get a four-year human sciences certificate. It should mean a chance to learn what’s important to get a decent job.† For some, that implies getting a 2-year professional degree, taking on the web courses, or beginning their own energy driven business. Since the joblessness rate for late graduates has expanded significantly since the 2007 downturn, many insightful and driven understudies decided to make their own occupations and with stunning achievement. School Bound: The Real Scoop However, dropping out of school or not going to is no underwriter of progress. The U.S. Authority of Labor Statistics shows that the individuals who just get a 2-year degree or less make practically half on normal as the individuals who get a 4-year degree. Also, their joblessness rate is 30% higher by and large. An ongoing report from the Economic Policy Institute shows that states with higher paces of school graduates have relating wages and employments, which implies that more school graduates really raise the wages for every other person. That, however having a higher education is one of the more fundamental prerequisites of finding and keeping a line of work. As indicated by 2011 Pew Research study, 86% of post-graduate understudies state that their advanced education was a wise venture for them. Since such a significant number of understudies are getting higher educations, it is regularly important to have a 4-year degree just to remain serious in some lucrative employment markets. Moving on from school has all the more specifically satisfying advantages also. As indicated by Census Bureau insights, individuals with school instructions have practically a large portion of the separation pace of their without degree peers. Also, the ongoing Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index study, five of the most joyful states on earth (Colorado, Minnesota, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts) have the most noteworthy rates of school graduates. All in all, What Really Does Makes a Success? In spite of the away from of an advanced degree, most Americans concur that instruction isn't as significant as disposition. When asked what makes an individual fruitful, the staggering reaction from the Pew Education review was that difficult work (61%) and coexisting with individuals (57%) were a higher priority than instruction alone (42%). Furthermore, Richard St. John as of late shared a TED Talk about his examination into what makes individuals fruitful. In eye to eye interviews with more than 500 fruitful individuals in each industry possible, he discovered eight key factors that decide achievement: Enthusiasm Difficult Work Core interest Pushing Boundaries Thoughts Reliably Improving Administration Tirelessness I don't get this' meaning for your life? It implies that you can be glad and effective whether you get a professional education. Everything relies upon how you approach your life. Regardless of whether you decide to get a degree or not, you despite everything need a similar essential drive to succeed, relationship building abilities, and capacity to adjust to change. Last Line You can be effective or ineffective whether or not you get a professional education. Individuals who are devoted to being fruitful in their training will get the advantages of the drawn out security and individual associations that degrees by and large give. The individuals who are devoted to being effective outside of the dividers of a school building can accomplish astonishing outcomes as long as they buckle down enough and have the vision to change the world. Regardless of what you pick: whether to seek after a degree or not, your genuine progress originates from realizing what you need and making the penances it takes to accomplish your objectives. What's more, whatever way you pick, you’ll have fulfillment in your decision. At long last, you’ll have the option to state those genuinely supernatural four words: I realized I could. Do you think it merits heading off to college? What advantages and disadvantages of school do you see? Your sentiment is consistently welcome here!

What will happen to Iraq if the US leaves Essay

What will befall Iraq if the US leaves - Essay Example One of the most significant occasions in the present world issues is the attack of Iraq by the US and there have been a few fundamental voices contending that the opportunity has already come and gone for the US to leave the locale to liberate the Iraqis to seek after their political and financial predetermination. Pundits who respect the attack of Iraq by the US as a genuine offense against the opportunity of that country contend that America needs to build up regularity in the district before they leave the land. Nobody can say with certainty what will occur in Iraq if the United States leaves abruptly and without putting forth a proceeding with attempt to make up for its errors and disappointments. It is anything but difficult to discuss escalated common war, 'slaughters', and a global resurgence of al-Qaida. Such most pessimistic scenarios are conceivable, yet the most probable outcome is less rough partisan and ethnic purifying, and the accepted division of a significant part of the nation. (Cordesman and Davies, 2008, p 737). In this way, the most basic inquiry in the current setting isn't whether the US intrusion of Iraq is legitimate or not, yet what occurs if the US leaves Iraq all on an unexpected. In this paper a cautious and intelligent investigation of this basic inquiry concerning Iraq's future if the US leaves the area is directed and the conversation in such manner not exclusively is fundamental to a comprehension of the political framework in the US yet in addition to a comprehension of probably the most significant world undertakings just as issues in the Iraqi locale. In a cautious examination of the present circumstance in Iraq, it is basic to grasp that there are a few advantages if the US armed force remain longer in the district. Individuals, who consider that going into Iraq was a serious mix-up submitted by the US, are significantly worried about what will happen when USA leaves Iraq. To a large portion of them, it will be absurd to consider that the Iraqis can shield themselves against all the issues in the nation and the area. As a matter of first importance, there will be extraordinary confusion in the country and the district if the US leaves right away. In spite of the fact that there are individuals who contend for the quick withdrawal of the US troops from the locale, based on the terrible improvements hastened by the US attack of Iraq, it isn't legitimate for the military to leave the area before the Iraqi security powers are independent. Such a fast withdrawal of the US troops will incur long haul harm on US validity and capacity to deflect foes and would encourage the goals of the al-Qaeda. In Iraq, the United States has shown that it will stand and battle even with affliction when it accepts that its center advantages are in question. US assurance in Iraq has done a lot to counter past jihadists' view of the United States as a 'paper tiger' If the United States leaves rashly, these additions will be lost and Iraq will join Vietnam, Beirut, Aden, and Somalia in the jihadi mantra in regards to US shortcoming. (Forest, 2007, p 47). Aside from these, it is likewise contended that a portion of the amazing pioneers from inside Iraq can develop in the country, assume control over the administration and in the long run bring about another tyranny. Additionally there is a likelihood that Iran will attack Iraq and assume control over it if the US leaves the district all on an abrupt. There is a genuine contention that Iraq will turn into a fear based oppressor shelter if the United States leaves. (Preble and Logan, 20 05). Reports from the Baghdad affirms that the US withdrawal from the district can influence the standardization procedure of the nation and Iraq's remote pastor cautioned that a fast American military withdrawal from the nation could prompt a full-scale common war, the breakdown of the legislature and

Red Bull Gives You (Paper) Wings

Red Bull Gives You (Paper) Wings Last December I blogged about judging Trashion 2014, an event where MIT students design and model unconventional outfits to raise awareness about environmental sustainability. In that post, I wrote: This is why, if and when people ask me precisely what it is that I do, I sometimes say that I judge people for a living. While I had no formal background or training in judging people, I have been judging people for some time now, and it is the task for which I am paid; I am basically a professional Mean Girl, and I have come to be at peace with that. I have been able to transfer my experience judging people in admissions to judging people in other contexts Recently, my evaluative assistance was again requested, this time by Rachel W. 16, founding President of MIT Women in Aerospace Engineering (WAE). WAE is a student group that, through a variety of programs, seeks to foster a community and encourage relationships among women in aerospace engineering and to build outreach initiatives within both MIT and the broader community. On Monday, WAE hosted the Boston Qualiflyer for  Red Bull Paper Wings. If you havent heard of Paper Wings, its basically a promotional event for Red Bull based around competitive paper airplaines. There are three categories to the event: distance, hangtime, and aerobatics. Each contestant is allowed to enter any or all of the categories at each qualiflyer. Distance and hangtime are measured by Red Bull staff, but aerobatics is evaluated by a panel of judges on the basis of creativity, aesthetics, performance, and so on. 12 national finalists earn a spot in the Global Finals at Hanger-7, in Salzburg, Austria, the legendary mansion/museum/multifunctional venue of Red Bull founder Dietrich Mateschitz. And thats how, on Monday, I found myself sitting between Professor Raul Radovitzky and Tim Beaver, watching students from all across New England and upstate New York throw paper airplanes for three hours inside Lobdell Dining Hall in the MIT Student Center. You may quite reasonably ask yourself: how does one judge the aerobatics of a paper airplane? According to Red Bull, the relevant criteria are: Construction (technical) of the paper plane Creativity (art design) Flight performance Additionally: With regards to flight performance, the jury should base their points on the execution of the flight, e.g. diameter (of the loop / wave / circle), steadiness duration of the flight. There are no limitations with regards to the body style while throwing. Each participant has a time slot of 1 minute to perform in front of the jury. In practice, what this meant was that competitors in aerobatics would bring their planes to the judges table. Prof. Radovitzsky would hold it up for his inspection, and attempt to balance the plane on his finger to locate its center of mass. I would observe this, although I was most interested in the performance of the flight and of the flyer. Timmostly danced. I met students from MIT, Harvard, BC, BU, NEU, and RPI; there may have been more colleges represented who didnt compete in aerobatics. One of the students I knew was an MIT freshman, Andy T. 18, who Im told is the only freshman currently enrolled in Unified Engineering, a central class in Course 16, Aeronautics and Astronautics. Andy finished near the top of all three categories at the Boston Qualiflyer; he was one of 3 students who had to be taken to the MIT basketball court for the distance competition because Lobdell wasnt long enough. I asked Andy about his history with paper airplanes and how it had factored into his MIT education. Heres what he told me: I remember beginning to fold paper airplanes at age 5, at Seaton Day Care in Fox Point Wisconsin. My friend Zach and I formed a little team at the day care; during indoor recess we would create all kinds of crazy planes, some of which my dad showed me how to fold the day before. We would test them out, then give/teach them to other kids. This is perhaps my earliest memory, or at least the only thing I remember from day care. Years later, having not seen Zach since I left Seaton around age 6, he and I sat next to each other in AP Calculus. A few weeks in, we had some free time during which I made one of my favorite planes, the trick glider I used for the Red Bull aerobatics competition, and then we realized that we did the same thing together 10 years previously! WaitI also remember throwing up after eating too many squishy cooked carrots and mixed veggies (gross). Day care was rough. Throughout elementary and middle school, I learned a few more types of paper airplanes from books. I also took the standard delta-wing and combined paper fan folding to create wing ruffles, which I found helped stabilize the plane. Now taking course 16 classes (Unified), learning the aerodynamics of flight, I realize that these ruffles help to give an otherwise flat wing a combined winglet-dihedral type of roll stabilization! Although I discovered wing ruffles around 2nd grade, and my dad commented that perhaps I would like to someday become a professional plane designer (i.e. aerospace engineer), I had never seriously considered the idea until last summer. I came to MIT desiring a technical education in building things, like Q in James Bond. Around age 7, I had played the video game on N64 and seen the Bond film Goldfinger, and it made a lasting impressionsince then and until high school, I had dreamt of building cool gadgets for either the CIA or myself. These desires motivated me to choose robotics over band in high school and ultimately wind up here looking to major in mechanical engineering. Last summer during Interphase, I spoke with a math TA about majors, and she encouraged me to think about 16, since it is the same theory as course 2 but way more fun and interesting. At this point, I had already decided the most exciting application for building things is space exploration and colonization. So here I am, enjoying all the excitement of Unified, building and designing real RC airplanes as well as paper ones, and absolutely loving it. So far, my experience has been that course 16 is rigorous and demanding as all MIT courses are, but I doubt that many others have as much fun during lectures or outside of them. Course 16 is like a big family of excited kids gazing at the stars and dreaming of the future. It is also like a powerhouse incubator with the resources and ability to get there. We have launched weather balloons high enough to see the curvature of the Earth and chased them all over the state, cut airfoils and constructed planes from scratch as well as rockets, met astronauts such as Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins, asked questions to industry leaders such as Elon Musk, enjoyed breakfast and igloo parties with professors (specializing in fluid mechanicsorange juice, and materials/structuressnow blocks), traveled through the worlds largest building by volume at Boeings assembly plant in Seattle, visited the Dragon at SpaceX, James Webb at Northrop Grumman, and Voyager at JPL, and we spent an entire lecture watching fast planes to learn the physics of scramjet engines and shockwaves. It has been hard and rewarding; I have received Fs as well as A+s (160%). The science is applied, the degree is flexible as one desires. Overall, I think it was a fantastic choice. Another person I ended up spending a lot of time talking to was Aurora. Aurora is 8, and has wanted to be an astronaut since she was old enough to say the word; she met Rachel from WAE at an Aero/Astro event, and Rachel has been mentoring her ever since. Aurora was the youngest contestant by about a decade at the competition and probably the most enthusiastic, as you might have guessed from the flight suit she wore to the event (she is starting pilot lessons this year through the Young Eagles program). When she wasnt throwing paper airplanes, she sat near me at the judging table, where she held forth, confidently and knowledgeably, about the finer points of the various space missions that have taken place in her life. By the end of the event, Ian P. 17 had been crowned champion in the distance category, and his flight of 1264 had earned him a trip to Austria. I asked Ian the same question I asked Andy but got back a slightly different answer: Sure. I was studying for a 5.60 exam coming up and my friend Nolan Kruse said we should go chuck a plane at that thing as a study break. [Rachel] said we should check out the contest earlier last week, so we both went. My strategy was to fold a mediocre plane and throw it as hard as possible. I have no history of plane folding ability, so Ill give credit to Nolan, for his motivational words, and to me for my lack of concern for the health of my shoulder. The opportunity is amazing. I really just threw a piece of paper and they told me youre going to Austria, and I was just kind of confused that all it took was a decent arm. Its got to be the most lucrative useless talent that I never knew I had. So thats how me, Tim Beaver, an MIT professor, and an 8-year-old prospective astronaut spent our Monday night at MIT, while a sophomore won an unexpected (but not unwanted) trip to Austria. Thanks to Rachel and the WAE team for organizing and inviting me and Walter for the photography, and congrats to Ian!

Moroccan Culture Series Meeting and Greeting

In Arabic-speaking countries, there is a great importance placed on extended greetings, both in written communication and in face-to-face interaction. Morocco is certainly no exception as far as face-to-face greetings are concerned. Pleasantries When Moroccans see someone they know, it is impolite to just say hi and keep walking. At the very least they have to stop in order to shake hands and ask  Ãƒâ€¡a va  ?  and/or  La bas?  Always with friends and sometimes with acquaintances (shopkeepers, etc.), Moroccans will phrase this question several different ways, often in both French and Arabic, and then ask about the other persons family, children, and health. This exchange of pleasantries tends to be continuous - the questions are strung together without really waiting for a response to any of them - and automatic. No real thought is put into the questions or answers and both parties are usually talking at the same time. The exchange can last up to 30 or 40 seconds and ends when one or both parties says  Allah hum dililay  orbaraqalowfik  (sorry for my crude transcriptions of the Arabic). Hand-shaking Moroccans are very fond of shaking hands every time they see someone they know or meet someone new. When Moroccans go into work in the morning, they are expected to shake each of their colleagues hands. We recently learned that some Moroccans feel that this can be excessive. A Moroccan student of my husbands, who works in a bank, related the following story: A colleague was transferred to a different department on another floor of the bank. When he came into work, however, he felt obliged to go upstairs to his old department and shake hands with each of his former colleagues before going to his new department, shaking the hands of his new colleagues, and only then starting to work, every day. We have befriended a number of shopkeepers who shake our hands upon both arrival and departure, even if we are only in the shop for a few minutes. If a Moroccan has full or dirty hands, the other person will grasp his/her wrist instead of the hand. After shaking hands, touching the right hand to the heart is a sign of respect. This is not limited to ones elders; it is common to see adults touching their hearts after shaking hands with a child. In addition, a person at a distance will usually make eye contact and touch his hand to his heart.   Kissing and Hugging Bises à   la franà §aise  or hugs are commonly exchanged between same-sex friends. This happens in all venues: at home, on the street, in restaurants, and in business meetings. Same-sex friends usually walk around holding hands, but couples, even married couples, rarely touch in public. Male/female contact in public is strictly limited to hand-shaking.

Several Technologies That Are Less Expensive Than Earlier Versions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1074 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Technology Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Several Technologies that is less polluting and less expensive than earlier versions of the technology. List 3 Technologies: Solar cars A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely or significantly by direct solar energy. Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert the suns energy directly into electric energy. The term solar vehicle usually implies that solar energy is used to power all or part of a vehicles propulsion. Solar power may be also used to provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary functions. Solar vehicles are not sold as practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Several Technologies That Are Less Expensive Than Earlier Versions" essay for you Create order Solar Panels A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a panel determines the area of a panel given the same rated output an 8% efficient 230 watt panel will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt panel. Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, most installations contain multiple panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. Some Examples of what solar panels are used for are homes-Did you know that by going solar, youll lock in on a low, fixed solar rat e from day one? Switching to solar keeps rising energy rates in check and guarantees a lower monthly electricity bill.. Electric car An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one electric motor or more, using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. Electric motors give electric cars instant torque, creating strong and smooth acceleration. Electric cars were popular in the late 19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engine technology and mass production of cheaper gasoline vehicles led to a decline in the use of electric drive vehicles. The energy crises of the 1970s and 1980s brought a short-lived interest in electric cars, though those cars did not reach mass marketing as todays electric cars experience it. Since the mid-2000s, the production of electric cars is experiencing a renaissance due to advances in battery and power management technologies and concerns about increasingly volatile oil prices and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Electric cars have several benefits over conventional internal combustion engine automobiles, including a significant reduction of local air pollution, as they have no tailpipe, and therefore do not emit harmful tailpipe pollutants from the onboard source of power at the point of operation; reduced greenhouse gas emissions from the onbo ard source of power, depending on the fuel and technology used for electricity generation to charge the batteries; and less dependence on foreign oil, which for the United States and other developed or emerging countries is cause for concern about vulnerability to oil price volatility and supply disruption. Also for many developing countries, and particularly for the poorest in Africa, high oil prices have an adverse impact on their balance of payments, hindering their economic growth. Despite their potential benefits, widespread adoption of electric cars faces several hurdles and limitations. As of 2013[update], electric cars are significantly more expensive than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles due to the additional cost of their lithium-ion battery pack. However, battery prices are coming down with mass production and are expected to drop further. Other factors discouraging the adoption of electric cars are the lack of public and pr ivate recharging infrastructure and the drivers fear of the batteries running out of energy before reaching their destination (range anxiety) due to the limited range of existing electric cars. Several governments have established policies and economic incentives to overcome existing barriers, promote the sales of electric cars, and fund further development of electric vehicles, more cost-effective battery technology and their components. The US has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries. China has announced it will provide US$15 billion to initiate an electric car industry within its borders Several developmental alternatives to highly polluting industries Industrial Scrubbers- Wet Scrubbers are effective air pollution control devices for removing particles and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. Wet scrubbers operate by introducing the dirty gas stream with a scrubbing liquid à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" typically water. Particulate or gases are collected in the scrubbing liquid. Wet scrubbers are generally the most appropriate air pollution control device for collecting both particulate and gas in a single system. Pollution Systems offers a variety of Wet Scrubber systems specifically designed for your process application. Many important operating variables are considered when evaluating the size and type of scrubber for any specific application. We will work with you and use our experience and knowledge to provide the proper solution for your process. Typical wet scrubber systems consist of a scrubbing vessel, ductwork and fan system, mist eliminator, pumping (and possible recycle system), spent scrubbing liquid treatment and an exhaust stack. Modern controls are used to monitor the system and make any necessary adjustments. Wet Scrubbers are common in many industrial applications including pollutant reduction at petroleum refineries, chemical processes, acid manufacturing plants, and steel making. They need these for the environment because of the harmful smoke that was created during the process of making steel.. b. Plastic Disposal- Low recycling rates: Plastic is difficult and costly to recycle because manufacturers and consumers discard over twenty different types of plastic, and before they can be recycled, these plastics must be collected, transported, sorted, degreased, and washed. Neither private nor public agencies are investing sufficiently in the systems needed to increase plastic recycling rates. Few manufacturers invest in the compactors and logistical systems needed to recycle their plastic scraps. Few public agencies invest in recycling receptacles for public spaces. A 2009 survey by Keep America Beautiful found that only 12% of public spaces in the U.S. had recycling receptacles next to their garbage receptacles.1 Due to these shortfalls of private and public investments in recycling, the EPA found that only 7.1% of plastics going to US Municipal Solid Waste facilities were being recycled in 2009,2 a number that rose to 8.2% by 2010

European Custom Law Free Essays

The Customs Union is one the bases of the European Union and an essential element in the functioning of the unified market. The unified market can only function when there is a common application of common rules at its external borders. This implies that the 27 Customs administrations of the EU must act, as they were one. We will write a custom essay sample on European Custom Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now These common rules go beyond the Customs Union as such, and extend to all aspects of trade policy, such as preferential trade, health, environmental control, the protection of EU economic interests and the management of external relations. The creation of a customs union in the European Economic Community in 1968 was implemented internally through the abolition of customs duties, quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect between Member States and, on the external front, through the introduction of a common customs tariff and a common commercial policy. In fact, goods imported from third countries had to be treated in the same way by all Member States in order to circulate freely in the customs union. But the customs union itself had to be integrated into the existing international economic order, regulated by the 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. On the EEC Treaty the Member States declared that in creating a customs union, they intended to contribute, in accordance with the common interest, to a harmonious development of world trade, a gradual removal of restrictions to international trade and the lowering of customs barriers. The creation of the customs union has led to strong growth in intra-Community trade, but the Community has not become insolated. Instead, it has developed into the world’s biggest importer and exporter. In addition, the rules of the GATT and the various international agreements created under their influence, formed the legal basis for the EU’s own commercial policy instruments and action, notably in the field of tariffs, the application of safeguard measures, anti-dumping and anti-subsidies actions. The European Union can introduce surveillance and safeguard measures in the framework of the common rules for imports when imports at prices viewed as normal are causing or risk causing serious injury to European producers. In cases where the export price is lower than the normal value of a like product (dumping), the EU can take trade protection measures, notably through the application of anti-dumping duties. European rules being compatible with those of the World Trade Organization, economic operators must comply with only one set of rules for imports into the EU These rules apply automatically in the new States acceding to the EU. The Member States of the European Union no longer have an independent foreign trade policy. More than 60% of their trade is intra-European and as such it depends on the rules of the single market that prohibit any trade protection or trade promotion measures. For the remaining 40% of their trade, the main instruments of commercial policy, the Common Customs Tariff, the common import arrangements and the common protective measures are in the hands of the organs of the EU, the Commission and the Council. Together they contribute to ensuring an even competition playing field for European businesses, giving them access to equal prices for imported raw materials and other products they need. At the same time, the common commercial policy facilitates the work of European importers who can use a uniform import license, valid throughout the EU. Mission statement of Customs authorities:The European Commission website on its Taxation and Union section states:â€Å"Customs authorities shall be primarily responsible for supervision of the Community’s international trade, thereby contributing to fair and open trade, to implementation of the external aspects of the internal market, of the common trade policy and of the other common Community policies having a bearing on trade, and to overall supply chain security. Customs authorities shall put in place measures aimed, in particular, at:a. Protecting the financial interests of the Community and its Member States;b. Protecting the Community from unfair and illegal trade while supporting legitimate business activity;c. Ensuring the security and safety of the Community and its residents, and protection of the environment, where appropriate in close cooperation with other authorities;d. Maintaining a proper balance between customs controls and facilitation of legitimate trade. The two faces of customsCustoms services in the EU play a dual role. Customs officers still act as collectors of customs levying import duties and taxes but increasingly they also work as â€Å"watchdogs† securing the Union’s external borders to protect citizens’ health and safety. Checks to enforce security and safety rules can only be performed at the EU’s external borders. It is inevitable that certain cargo shipments, which could pose a risk to the safety or security of the EU and its citizens, must be stopped and checked. These checks are different from the task of levying import duties, which customs authorities can perform at a later stage along the supply chain, for example on the premises of the importer or exporter, to avoid congestion at the EU’s external borders. The watchdogBorder checks to guarantee the safety and security of European citizens are performed by customs officers in close cooperation with other border agencies, such as veterinary and product safety authorities. Two particular causes of concern for customs authorities with respect to health and safety are counterfeit goods and drug precursors. The collector of customsEvery shipment of goods, which enters the European Union, has to be declared to customs. On the basis of the customs declarations, customs officers check the shipment and levy the import duties and taxes due. In 2007, import duties totaling over â‚ ¬15 billion were levied, which is equivalent to 13. 2% of the revenue side of the EU budget (Garcia, 2012)Application of Common Customs Tariff:A customs union is characterized by the existence of a single external tariff applied by all Member States to imports coming from third countries. Such imports only have to clear customs once and can then move freely within the common customs area. Reaching an agreement among the original Member States on a single external tariff required a complex striking of balances and compromises, given the different national interests, stemming from the different products that each country wished to protect. The common customs tariff (CCT) adopted by the European institutions in 1968 is, therefore, a major achievement of European integration (Article 28 TFEU, ex Article 23 TEC). For the member countries, the CCT meant both the loss of customs revenue, which, since 1975, has been a resource of the Community/Union budget, and the option of carrying out an independent customs or trade policy. No member country can unilaterally decide on or negotiate tariff matters; all changes to the CCT are decided by the Council following negotiation (if necessary) and proposal by the Commission. All bilateral (between the EU and non-member countries) and multilateral negotiations are carried out by the Commission. As of 1968, the Member States are not entitled to unilaterally carry out customs policy, i. e. suspend customs duties or change CCT. Only the Council can waive the normal application of CCT by means of regulations adopting various tariff measures. Such measures, whether required under agreements or introduced unilaterally, involve reductions in customs duties or zero-rating in respect of some or all imports of a given product in the territory of the European Union. They take the form of EU tariff quotas, tariff ceilings or total or partial suspension of duties. Modernized Customs Code: Customs authorities today, faced with this rapidly changing and challenging environment, must ensure that they continue to provide a first-class service to EU citizens and companies. A central pillar of the MCC is the concept of centralized clearance, which makes it possible for authorized EU traders to declare goods electronically and pay their customs duties and value-added tax (VAT) at the place where their business is established, irrespective of the member state where the goods are presented. Centralized clearance builds upon the current practice of Single Authorization for Simplified Procedures. The current draft of the MCCIP, however, requires that traders send the required customs clearance information to multiple member states. Basically, where the customs office designated for the lodging of customs declarations (i. e. , supervising customs office) is in a different member state than the customs office that receives the physical goods (i. e. customs office of presentation/importation), the importer must provide the entry information to the customs offices in both member states as well as the member state where the VAT is due. The modernisation and simplification of the customs legal and technological environment started several years ago with a major amendment to the Community Customs Code adopted in 2005, which gave EU customs authorities the powers to implement some of the most advanced security requirements in the world, while creating an environment that does not disrupt legitimate trade. This amendment is expected to be fully mplemented by mid 2016. The Modernized Customs Code will, when fully implemented, provide the necessary simplifications to make customs and trade work better, faster and cheaper. The Electronic Customs Decision already provides a significant step forward in linking national customs Information and Communication Technology systems, benefiting both customs and trade. By meeting the needs of modern logistics, a pan-European electronic customs will increase the competitiveness of companies doing business in Europe, reduce compliance costs and improve security at the EU borders. The proposal to amend the mutual administrative assistance provisions in customs matters will streamline and improve the current IT systems and enhance capacity in the fight against fraud in the customs sector. These are important legal and technological steps that will prepare European customs both for the immediate and the medium term future. Electronic Customs are a significant development for the E. U. Customs that aims to provide interoperable customs systems, accessible to economic operators throughout the Community by replacing paper-based customs procedures with similar declarations in electronic form across the entire E. U. , thus creating a more efficient, simpler and modern customs environment. The electronic office is a very important development for the E. U. Customs. Its aim is to provide interoperable customs systems, accessible to economic operators throughout the Community, in order to replace the current paper-based customs procedures, with similar declarations in e lectronic form throughout the entire E. U. , thus creating a more efficient, simpler and modern customs environment. Trade facilitation and security strengthen at external E. U. borders are the twin goals of this project. Specifically, this initiative aims to * Make easier the movement and control of goods to and from the internal market through efficient import and export procedures. * Increase the competitiveness of European trade, by reducing compliance and administrative costs as well as to speed up clearance times. * Facilitate legitimate trade through a coordinated and common approach of goods control. How to cite European Custom Law, Papers

Pride, Gender, and Inaction in Antigone Essay Example For Students

Pride, Gender, and Inaction in Antigone Essay Pride, Gender, and Inaction in Antigone The cardinal subject of Sophocles drama â€Å"Antigone† is the quandary that one faces, in adhering to 1s ain decision or to stay by the bing Torahs of the land. The drama highlights the fact that work forces have been bestowed with independent thought, and have been blessed with the capacity to analyse state of affairss ; Man must therefore consult his mental modules and think rationally earlier doing a judgement. Therefore, the four major subjects of the drama Antigone are Pride, Gender, Individual versus State ; Conscience versus Law ; Divine Law versus Human Law, and Inaction. We will write a custom essay on Pride, Gender, and Inaction in Antigone specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There is no inquiry that pride, in Antigone, is a trait loathed by the Gods, one that is punishable without clemency. Sophocles describes the type of pride that allows work forces to make Torahs that substitute for Godhead rules. When Creon creates a jurisprudence because he believes it is godly will, it is the ultimate show of punishable pride, for no adult male can of all time organize a jurisprudence that is tantamount to or greater than Godhead right. Consequently, when Tiresias comes with the intelligence that Creon will be punished, Creon realizes that he has made an atrocious error, and yet still refuses to acknowledge it. Creon bends to the prophesier s message merely because he wants to salvage his life, non because he knows he s gone excessively far. As a consequence, Creon must endure the loss of his household. Individual versus State, Conscience versus Law, and Divine Law versus Human Law are three major struggles in Antigone that are closely intertwined. Antigone and her rules brace with the first entity in each struggle, while Creon and his criterions line up with the 2nd. Antigone is a hazard to the position quo ; she invokes godly jurisprudence as justification for her actions, but is inexplicit in her place on religion. She sacrifices her life out of devotedness to rules higher than human jurisprudence. Creon s place is an apprehensible one, for illustration, in the splash of war, and with his reign so new, Creon has to put an illustration by demoing his citizens that his power is supreme. On the other manus, Creon s demand to prevail over Antigone seems to be enormously personal. The order of the province is non merely at interest after Creon s error, his sense of ego as male monarch is besides in hazard after his damaging error. Antigone s sex has profound effects on the significance of her actions. Creon himself says that the demand to suppress her is critical because she is a adult female. By declining to be submissive, Antigone defies one of the basic regulations of her society. Ismene is Antigone s foil because she is intimidated by the regulation of work forces, she believes that adult females should be subservient to work forces. Ismene says that work forces are stronger, and for that ground must be obeyed. In due class, we see that she has naively bought into the debatable constructs that Creon adopted. When Creon realizes he may be wrong, he changes his statement, he claims that if he was incorrectly, he could nt squeal that he was beat by a adult female, for that would upset godly jurisprudence more than renegue oning on his rules would. It is this original fiction that Sophocles drama seeks to rectify, chiefly through the requital the Gods inflict on Creon as a consequence of his insensitive and s exist thought. When faced with bias, Antigone and Ismene react rather otherwise. Ismene is non so much frightened of unfairness as she is panicky of her ain ruin, she can non bear to incur the rage of work forces for fright of being damned to the same destiny as the remainder of her household. After witnessing her male parent and brothers decease, she thinks that the best class of action is to obey. In the instance of Ismene, it seems inactivity is unified with fright, she so volitionally offers to decease following to Antigone, at which point we recognize that she is non so much inactive as she is unsure of her place as a adult female. Consequently, while Ismene is characterized chiefly by uncertainty, Antigone is one who plunges in front strictly on assurance and her house strong beliefs about right and incorrect. In the terminal, it s because of these cardinal differences in doctrine that they can non decease as one. .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 , .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 .postImageUrl , .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 , .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5:hover , .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5:visited , .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5:active { border:0!important; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5:active , .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5 .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6d7ea72919fd9268ec051a1f1489bc5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Student Athlete Drug Testing EssayIn the terminal, it is evident that Antigone has received the best wages. Upon her decease, she is reunited with her loved 1s, her female parent, her male parent, her brothers and even her affianced, Haemon. The fact that Haemon takes his life after Antigone s decease solidifies the thought that the Gods genuinely are honoring Antigone. While her household members are already present in the hereafter, her decease robbed her of her idolized partner to be and â€Å"Denied portion in the nuptials songs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but this rejection is undone upon the decease of Haemon. Creon and Ismene, with their egotistic purposes, are both left alone and are finally punished for their self-seeking actions. While both Creon and Ismene experience the loss of household and must populate out their lives in isolation, Creon s penalty is fueled by the fact that his community loses esteem for him and shortly after, his imperium is taken over by a 2nd war, go forthing his life in complete ruin. Plants Cited Sophocles. â€Å"Antigone.† Literature and the Writing Process. Ed. Elizabeth McMahan, Susan X Day, Robert Funk. 8ThursdayEd. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, 2007. 738-773.

Assignment 1 free essay sample

Professor Identify the pros and cons of the partnership as a form of ownership. Discuss funding options for small businesses. Determine and discuss how managerial accounting can help managers with product costing, incremental analysis and budgeting. Discuss the basic components of the marketing process using a product or service of your choice as an example. Discuss the roles of social responsibility and technology in the marketing function. A partnership as a form of ownership is formed quite simply. When two or more people get together and come to an agreement on what type of business to take part in, then all parties share investment, profit, and of course loss. Lets discuss the pros and cons ofa partnership. Pros, one of the many things all investors would like to see out weight the cons in anything they are engaged in mentally, physically, and of course financially. First of all, one pro would be how easy it is to create a partnership. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment 1 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You simply get with at least one other person come to an agreement over all the business details, and BAM you have a partnership. Some people are comfortable in erbal agreements but I personally would suggest you get all your partnership details on a written legal document Just in case. Funding is another advantage toa partnership. When two or more people come together to form a business partnership money is invested from all parties involved in turn the business has a stronger financial backing to support it. Not only will the business have a strong financial backing all partners invested may have access to outside money to support the business even further along. One of the best advantages in being in a business partnership is shared responsibility. Shared responsibility is crucial in a successful business and of course partnership. When the business starts to get a bit heavy you can hand it to your partner or partners to carry the work load for a while. You can also look to your partners for moral support when you may think things arent going as stated in your business plan. So far we have heard the pros ofa business partnership but like every bandage that fixes that painful spot you eventually have to pull it off. Cons, the opposite of Pro, the many things that all business investors need to know before investing but never want to hear. You may be thinking since it was a breeze to create this business partnership the rest will come as a breeze. You could your mind; everyone who is a partner is liable for all debts. You and your partners are all Jointly or individually liable for all debts accumulated by the business. For example, lets say your partner or partners are taking the profits the business is making and gambling with it. Your partners blow away all the profits on poker games and skip town what then, thats right you are still liable for any debt accumulated by the business. Another obvious con is your business partners will want to share the rofits made by the business. You cant assume when the business makes profit everyone will agree on saving it. Your partner or partners may want to buy cars, houses, or maybe boats. You dont have total control of the business. Business decisions are made Jointly not on your own. You may run into disagreements that in turn create the other partner to leave the business, or even lead to buying out the other partner. Pros and cons are a great way to see if youre the, partner type, if so make sure you pick the right partner or partners for your business. There are many ther factors in owning and running a business. For example, in order to get your business off the ground you have to find the money to do so. Debt financing is one way you can start up your business. Debt financing is simply going to a bank that knows you have good credit, a good standing history with them, and apply for a small business loan. In the current economy most banks can be very hesitant to offer you the loan so another way is equity. Selling a share of your business meaning you arent solely in charge or will now be sharing the profits may be scary, but it can help you start up your business. After starting up your business you now have to manage the business or appoint someone for the Job. Managing the accounting is a great way to stay on top of product cost, and budgeting. Managerial accounting is detailed data used for inside members of a company. Managerial accounting includes things like cost of the product, cost of shipping, cost of employee benefits, cost of turnover, basically every number available to you and your partners. You can determine if you have the budget to raise wages for your employees to boost employee morale. Each business owner can use the data to do their Job better. You can go to your losses data and determine if your employees are stealing from you. Then determine how much more security you will need in order to prevent product loss. If you or your manager for your business needs to determine if their product was set at the right price they could view the sales data to see if the supply met the demand. If you see that one of your items hasnt been selling very well you can set it at a lower price or you can Just order less of such product. If you see you sold a lot of a particular product you can raise the price as you see fit. You now know if you are the partner ype, you know a couple ways to possibly fund your business, and you know how to manage your data and budget. How are you going to get costumers through your door or buying your product? How will you market yourself? Lets use my dream business as an example. I would like to open up a caf © lounge that serves fair trade coffee, craft beer, and fine wines. In order for me to make any kind of better profit for my business I have to market my business. You have to give the people what they want in my case I would produce amazing cups of coffee. My business would offer a coffee with better taste, and appeal. My coffee would be made with love and not thrown at you in the pickup line simultaneously saying, NEXT. My caf © lounge would major downtown street. Location is important for my caf © lounge so doing a little research of the area by visiting throughout all times of the day to see the amount of traffic the area receives is crucial. Then maybe you can ask around the nearby stores to see if customers purchase a lot of coffee. You can even go to the nearest coffee shop and see what coffee and vibe they offer and simply ask the locals what kind of coffee they like or would like to drink in what kind of atmosphere. After finding your target market, a great location, building your business, affordable product pricing, and setting your hours of operation it is time to promote your business. You can put ads in the local newspaper, ads in local magazines, and maybe even do a commercial broadcast in the tri county area. You will have to set your product apart from all the other competitors. For me coffee is all about personality, process, and taste. In order to retain customers your employees have to be personable, professional, and building customer relationships. Then theres process, customers will see you make heir drink every step of the way making it an enjoyable experience. Lastly is taste, my employees being highly trained baristas will make you a drink to your satisfaction in a timely fashion all the while maintaining a welcoming atmosphere for my caf © lounge. Having the best tasting coffee and vibe may do Justice but for long term business it may not be enough this is when you bring in the events. Doing special events with your business such as charities, open mic nights, acoustic Jam sessions, and book clubs is a great way to attract more customers and maintain current ones. Internet is your best friend. Creating a website for your business is an amazing marketing play. It allows your customers to have 2417 access to information, and product choices. You can post updates on new product arrivals, special events, and specific information for each product you offer. The best part about having a website is they can look you up anywhere in the world that offers internet. Another great marketing strategy is purchasing ad space on other websites like a grocery franchise or sports sites. Green marketing is another great way to market your business. Customers love knowing your business is eco friendly by recycling, or using recycled aterial. By simply pushing customers to buy coffee to drink in house rather than take away conserves paper cups in turn less garbage. If customers choose to take to go anyways inform the customers all your paper products are recycled and recyclable. Offering organic treats to eat along with their coffee can promote a green business as well. In the end knowing everything there is to build, manage, and market your business your goal is to have long term profitability. You want to exceed customer satisfaction, you want to blow away the competition, and be prepared for even harder competition in the future. Assignment 1 free essay sample Can sit unsupported on floor for a period of 10-15 minutes. Is able to lean forward to pick up an object while maintaining balance. Can rotate body to look sideways and reach out to grasp a suspended object or to pick up a toy from the floor. Demonstrates energetic movements of entire body while in cot, pram or bath. Is able to advance across the floor by using rolling or squirming movements. Makes attempts to crawl and is occasionally successful. Has the ability to strand by using surrounding objects as support to achieve an upright position. But is unable to lower themselves back to the floor in a controlled fashion. When supported in a standing position, can take steps using alternative feet. Demonstrates a visual awareness of people, objects and events which occur in the environment. When offered an object, they will reach out to grab it. Handles objects eagerly and inquisitively, using hands to manipulate them for examination. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment 1 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pokes at small objects with index finger and uses same finger to point at objects which are out of reach. Can pick up small objects between finger and thumb in a crude ‘pincer’ hold. Can release a held object by dropping it, but is unable to set it down in a controlled manner. Correctly follows the direction of fallen objects, including those falling out of sight. Observes actions of adjacent adults, children and animals with interest for period of a few minutes. Become steady on their feet and display more controlled movements. Can carry an object such as a toy whilst walking. Can climb onto a large chair and turn to sit on it. Kneel without any support and squat to pick up an object. Begin to run steadily but cannot avoid objects. Begin to walk upstairs using a railing, putting two feet on each step. Point to objects that they recognise. Build a small tower using 3-4 blocks. Hold their own spoon when feeding themselves. Hold a pencil with their whole hand or between the thumb and the first two fingers, known as primitive tripod grasp. Can thread large beads onto lace. walks or run by self up and down steps. can stand ,walk and hop. Skilfully climbs trees. Rides a trike expertly . Able to cross arms and legs. Able to throw, catch, Bounce and kick a ball. Dance to music Able to walk on a fine line Able to stand alone on 1 foot for about 1o seconds Can stretch touch toes without moving knees. Can grip strongly with both hands. Able to hop a short distance using both feet. Jump from objects with confidence Able to run and jump avoiding objects Hop with good balance and using both feet and kick a football Able to throw and catch with accuracy Use a two wheeled bicycle with or without stabilisers Skip alternating feet Build towers with blocks high and straight Hold a pencil, write numbers or letters, write their own name May start writing simple stories Walk along bean using arms for balance Use apparatus with skill Increased stamina Use colours naturalistic (green for grass/blue for sky Draw people with features Use a large needle to sew Can ride a 2 wheeled bike quite easily Can skip, hop and run quite confidently Begin to change in appearance and experience puberty Have more control in writing Become more detailed in drawing Growth accelerates Puberty Boys voice changes Girls breast grow Appetites increase Skin may become more oily, causing problems such as acne. Emotional, Social, Behavioural and Moral Newborn– 6 months 9 months –15mts 18 Months – 3 Years 4 – 5 Years 6 – 7 Years 8 – 12 Years 13 to 19 Years New born till 1 month:- Cuddling Shows pleasure at feeding 1-3 months:- Smiles at familiar adult Forces on adult face when being feed Starting to show emotions Take pleasure in sucking Looks in direction when someone is speaking 3-6 months:- Gets pleasure from familiar routine e. g. bedtime bath time Forces on parent/carer giver when feeding Shows enjoyment when cradled Smiles at everyone in their surrounding Stay awake for pro-longed periods At this age 70% sleep through the night 6-9months:- Copies other people emotions Starts finger foods Becomes upset when parent/carer leaves room Becomes shy around strangers Begin to share toys 9-12months:- Likes to chew/suck on objects Drinks from cup with a lid Takes pleasure in making noise with toys Gets pleasure from pointing at what they want Enjoys solitary play Likes familiar adult to be close by ( make strange) Gets pleasure from music and rhyme Know what they want when feeding and at bed time May want a comforter when unsettled

f=ma essays

f=ma essays The table below shows the results including average times and calculations of acceleration: Mass Force (N) Distance Speed (m/s) Average Time (S) Acceleration (m/s theoretically) Acceleration (m/s experiment) Firstly, the speed was calculated by dividing the distance by time. The common formula of speed, distance and time was used to work these results out. The distance is constant at 1metre divided by the average time (measured in seconds) equals to the speed written in the units of metres per second. From working out the speed the acceleration can also be worked out. The acceleration of an object is the rate at which its velocity changes. It is the measure of how quickly an object is speeding. With the results of this experiment the acceleration can be calculated by dividing the speed with average time. This should result to acceleration measured in m/s ². Graph 3 shows as the force of the object increases the acceleration also increases depending on the mass of the object. As the mass becomes heavier the acceleration decreases. Speed (m/s) = Distance (m) Acceleration (m/s ²) = Change in speed (m/s) Time taken (s) Time taken (s) Example: Velocity = distance divided time taken Velocity = 1 metre divided 3,16 seconds Acc = change in speed divided time taken Acc = (0.32 metres per sec - 0 miles per sec) divided 3.16 sec = 0.01 metres per second ² (m/s ²) Force (Newtons) = mass (kilograms) X Acceleration (metres per second ²) Example: Acceleration = force divided mass (F=MA) Acceleration = 0.1 Newtons divided 1 kilogram ...

International Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Strategy - Research Paper Example Literature review This is a vital section of this project but while conducting the literature review, care should be taken so that only the relevant information is discussed. This will keep the literature review section specific and to the point. While starting the literature review section, a well defined definition of international strategy will be discussed. For example, with time how the concept of international strategy got modified (Root & Visudtibhan, 1992, p.44). The research conducted by different scholars on multinational companies regarding international strategies used by them will be discussed (Frankenberger, 2006, p.2). In the literature review section, some vital international strategies used by the firms will be explored (Mcfarlin & Sweeney, 2008, p.266). Some of the common mode used by companies to enter in international market will also be discussed (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2009, p.225). The information strategy regarding related as well as unrelated diversificat ion will be discussed with help of some vital case studies (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, p.285-295). Research methodology Being a descriptive research, in this project secondary research will be conducted. Data will be collected from different authenticated sources. As for example, the company website, books from renowned authors, journals and online data base will be used. The research will be a mixed one where quantitative as well as qualitative data will be collected. The aim of this research is to collect information that explains the international strategy used by the fast food industry. As for example how the company decided to avoid beef and pork products in India as these products raised religious issues. Again,... This essay streeses that Being a descriptive research, in this project secondary research will be conducted. Data will be collected from different authenticated sources. As for example, the company website, books from renowned authors, journals and online data base will be used. The research will be a mixed one where quantitative as well as qualitative data will be collected. The aim of this research is to collect information that explains the international strategy used by the fast food industry. As for example how the company decided to avoid beef and pork products in India as these products raised religious issues. Again, considering the preference of rice products over wheat product in Japan, McDonald introduced rice burgers. These are some of the unique international strategies followed by McDonald to cater unique requirement of its highly diversified customer base. The business strategy used by McDonald will be compared against other commonly used international entry model. The advantages as well as disadvantages associated with McDonald’s international business model will be discussed. This report makes a conclusion this will be closing part of the research; hence almost whole of the project will be briefed in this section. The vital finding will also be discussed once again. Finally, considering the analysis and finding of the research, some recommendation will be suggested.

Proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Research Proposal Example mpany improves conditions of their vehicles by servicing them after three months thus offering excellent services to their customers and minimizing damage on the environment. They have come up with new technology in their vehicles that do not consume a lot of fuel so thus reducing carbon dioxide emission (JÃ ¸rgensen, 2009). Vehicles in this company have achieved high emission standard throughout Europe. In addition, Stagecoach Company has set targets on carbon emission strategies as the main goal in their green program. This has been achieved by introducing an accounting and control system of carbon emission. This program has been linked to their business agenda to ensure transparency to their customers and realize control of carbon emissions. The title going green with stagecoach gives a reflection of the goal of the company. This shows that the company besides making profit from transportation it also cares about the environment. The title passes strong messages to other company on the importance of conserving the environment and sustainably using natural resources for the sake of coming generations. Both the employees and managers of Stagecoach Company will work toward realizing their goal in relation to their title. Our surrounding environment is very important because it carries a lot of natural resources. These resources include forests, rivers, swamps and biodiversity. Human should protect forests because they are habitant of many animals thus destroying forests interferes with biodiversity. These resources have both positive and negative impacts to the environment. Planting of trees help in water catchment as well as preventing soil erosion. Rivers are a source of water to human beings and habitant to aquatic animals like fish. It is also a source of food for both animals and human beings. There are rivers with beautiful scenery that attract tourists hence help in generating revenue. Natural resources should be use sustainably by the current generation

Concrete Elastic Modulus For Various Aggregate Types Construction Essay

Concrete Elastic Modulus For Various Aggregate Types Construction Essay Concrete generally, is an inevitable constructional material in civil Engineering for profitability and economy of designs in life. Therefore, much emphasis must be placed on the efficacy for sustainability of the people to avoid risk of progressive collapse due to the instability of its nature after design. It is a challenge to curb the menace of inadequacy of design for the durability of concrete all day. The heterogeneity of concrete is real to be composed of Cement, Water (uncontaminated), Fine and Coarse aggregates otherwise known as constituent materials. The fossils lie embedded in a matrix of cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates and, are so strong because of the binding ability of the properties, absorbency in nature and most importantly, skilful knowledge of the designers during construction. The volume of concrete occupied by the coarse aggregates is significantly great compared to other properties thereby, playing the biggest role in terms of given desired strength re commended by different professional associations in the world. Concrete also is made up high compressive strength and a low value of tensile strength. It is used to protect corrosion of steel reinforcing bars. The importance to investigate concrete Elastic Modulus for various aggregate types as a parameter which enhances deformation resulting to cracks during serviceability with time is a course that cannot be undermined in the study of concrete properties. This implies that Elastic Modulus is a property that depends on compressive strength and aggregates stiffness. Strength and Stiffness are termed as the most probable important of all the properties of concrete materials considered for suitable structures design. The strength of a material obviously controls the estimation of the collapse load of a structure. Stiffness is important to ensuring un-deflection too much under load as well as dominates the avoidance of buckling of compression members. The characteristic strength of concrete is said to be classified based on designated concrete called strength class that depends on the types of constructions to be executed. When the value of compressive strength is too high there is a probability that most of the structures will be constructed of concrete possessing strength below this value and, too low a value will cause inefficient use of materials. So, it is the characteristic strength value of the cube strength at 28 days below which not more than 5% of the test out comes may be expected to depreciate is the primary concern of every designer at every point in time. The British Standards BS8110 indentifies the clause: The Strength, below which, not more than 5% of specimen will fail to signify strength that is very close to the mean value of a large samples of concrete normally distributed in a Bell-shaped against the frequency. This is idealized that some samples of concrete are stronger while others are weaker in strength and these variations are measure of the standard deviation. 1.20. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION The properties of concrete in compression are attributed to Short- term and Long-term loadings when discussing the linearity and un-linearity of the stress-strain curve. Short-term loading is used for Normal weight or density concrete and represented the most linear part called the elastic region of the stress-strain curve. The curve defines the uniaxial compressive test performed at normal, average speed on concrete at 28 days. The straight elastic portion describes how stress and strain are closely related before maximum stress is effective. Modulus of Elasticity is a derivative parameter resulting from the slope of this linear portion of the curve and is always larger in value when the strength of the concrete increases. The stress-strain curve shape varies considerably for identical concrete of the same cylindrical strength under the same loading condition and this strange behaviour depicts the variability in concrete samples due to one factor or the other from testing procedures : Nilson, Darwin and Dolon (2004:40). Long-term loading is the creeping nature of concrete with time. This is the continuous loading of concrete beyond 28 days of aged. The deformations of concrete are practically observed at this point in time which are proportional to the magnitude of the stress. At this region on the stress-strain curve, the stress is not longer linear. In addition to the load level, creep depends on the average humidity which is an important parameter to be investigated when designing a concrete. 1.30. THE REVIEW OF OTHER WORKS Based on the review of others, the Magazine of concrete Research(1991), Kaplan revealed that concrete with the same compressive strength may have different dynamic modulus of elasticity of different aggregates. The British Standard Institute CP110, and European Code; model code for concrete structures whereas made no provision but grossly looked at estimating compressive strength only. ACI Code tried in its little way to include a term for concrete density the expression for elastic modulus, since this term is raised to the power of 1.5, it has considerable weighting. But the BS110 has provided bases to satisfy new expressions for estimating the elastic modulus based on the work of Teychenne, to conform to the Stress-strain relationship of concrete such that: Ec28 = Ko + 0.2fcu28 BS8110, Ec28 = 5.5cu28 /à ¡Ã‚ µ) and Et /Ec28 = 0.4 + 0.6ft /f28 where, Ec28 = concrete elastic modulus at 28 days. fcu28 = characteristic concrete strength at 28 days. Ko = stiffness factor of aggregates (usually taken as 20Gpa, and 0.2 is a coefficient) by Teychenne but Code varying from 14 to 26Gpa. t = required age in days. And these expressions have functional relationship which the elastic modulus yields to at all points in time for consistency of analysis of the properties of materials. Hence, this project is only pivoted on the overall ideas and assumptions of the BS8110 to investigation the effects of four aggregate types (Granite, Gravel, Grey Limestone and White Polar Chippings) of the same size of 10mm, on compressive strength at 28 days. OBJECTIVES: To have a thorough justification by testing the effects of these four aggregates on the Elastic modulus of concrete to conform to the generalized approach of the BS8110 expressions. To critically compare and contrast the similarities or uniqueness between the experimental values of compressive strength targeted at 40-50N/mm2 of high strength concrete. To generally examine the aggregates stiffness in relation to Elastic modulus. Comparing compressive strengths of concrete in different proportion by volume of fine coarse aggregates of the concrete samples ( and in this case, 30:70% and 40:60% ratios is used) respectively. To verify the justification that the compressive strength of a cube is feasibly higher than the compressive strength of a cylinder when tested. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.0. BACKGROUND Concrete as heterogeneous material is categorized into normal and light weight concrete based on the design performance relating the characteristic strengths and densities of materials to suit appropriate constructions. The high strength concrete is term generally used to mean concrete with a uniaxial compressive strength value greater than 41Mpa, as assumed by the ACI committee 363. This is used for the Design of columns especially of high residential structures, Bridge of longer spans, offshore oil platforms and so on: Nilson, Darwin and Dolan (2004:52). Higher Elastic modulus and coefficient of creep lower reduce long-term deflection in compression. The disadvantages include the reduction in ultimate strain capacity, brittleness in compression and increase the tendency of cracks to occur and not economical. The requirement is of low water-cement ratio below 0.25 according to Nilson, Darwin and Dolan (2004:53). low strength is otherwise known as conventional concrete having the str ength less than high strength concrete according to Bashir, Almusallam and Maslehuddin; In constructional and building Materials (2003: 97-103). High strength concrete is relative to a uniaxial compressive strength that is greater than that which is derived ordinarily in a region because maximum strength of concrete that is currently being produced varies considerably from one region to the other: Bahshir, Almusallam and Maslehuddin (2003:2). Hence, the using of high strength brings about the reduction of cross sectional area and dead loads in a structure. The functional mechanism of concrete depends on the overall constituent materials which are basically cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates in defined proportions with different properties resulting to characteristic strengths. The efficacy of a characteristic strength is attained only when the materials are properly selected, manufactured and designed, and the properties well defined and handled to yield desired result. Several investigators and researchers have revealed through their experimental works the influence of materials composite on the Elastic modulus and Compressive strength. Specifically, the Construction and Building Materials research (2002) and (2003). These respective Materials recognized that concrete should be properly examined as a three phase constituent materials of aggregates, cement and a transition between them. Also, that the transition zone is ranged 10-50 thick and generally seen as being the weakest component of concrete resulting to influence on the mechanical behaviour of concrete as could be compared to volumetric importance according to the Construction and Building Materials (2010:505-512). 2.2.0.THE DEFECTIVES OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE (HSC). The problem of the High Strength Concrete as justified by the Construction and Building Materials (2003:3) is that cracking is more generalize and tends to homogeneous material characteristic as compared to the normal concrete: Bashir, Almusallam, Maslehuddin (2003:97-103). Also, High strength Concrete behaves as a linear elastic property and being subjected to brittleness than Normal concrete strength hence, cumulated that it is paramount to propound data on the mechanical properties of hardened concrete particularly, its strength in relation to the ideas of Bashir, Almusallam, Maslehuddin (2003:97-103); further argued that there is a good correlation between the Engineering properties of concrete such as stiffness factor. Generally, it is understood that besides the constituent materials, Mix design and Stiffness also play importance roles to enhance strength accumulation in concrete design. And the below flow chart may be used simply to illustrate how concrete is form from various materials including design mix to achieve desired strength and durability. DESIGN CONCRETE MATERIALS CEMENT, WATER, FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES MIX-DESIGN PROPERTIES ( Strength, Workability and Durability ) Others Creep and Shrinkage Elastic modulus Fire resistance Resistance to abrasion Thermal conductivity Figure 1: Concrete Flow Chart 2.3.0. DESIGN MATERIALS There are basically three constituent materials of concrete for design purpose namely: Cement. Fine and Coarse Aggregate. Water. 2.3.1. CEMENT Cement as a design material is of various types but more importantly restricted to the Ordinary Port land type for the purpose of this investigation. It constitutes principally of chemical compound such as Dicalcuim and Tricalcium Silicates in different proportions by percentage. Cement fineness and soundness are the most properties of interest to be examined to achieve desired concrete strength according to the British Standard Institution (1991:20). It is believe that High Strength Concrete is resulting from high performance Ordinary Portland cement well ground in good proportion. The Cement paste helps to harden concrete to gain strength through a chemical reaction known as hydration property due to curing at 28 days age. It also mixes with water to fill the void of aggregates which enables the concrete to be easily placed and flows to avoid shrinkage. An Ordinary Port land Cement is one which all the particles will pass a No.100 sieve and over 95% will pass a No.200 sieve in British Standard (1991) and, must have minimum strength of (compressive strength) for 3-day mortal cubes of less than 15N/mm2, 7-day 23N/mm2 and 3-day concrete 8N/mm2 while, 7-day 14n/mm2, Kong and Evans (1996:20). Its weight is a function of the degree of compaction which is roughly taken as 1450kg/m2: Kong and Evans (1996). 2.3.2. AGGREGATES Aggregates are the most important constituent materials of concrete. These materials constitute about 65-75% by volume of hardened mass occupied in concrete mix thereby, constituting the highest quota of concrete strength. The High performance strength of concrete is due to the type of aggregates to be used in design. There are two main types known as fine and coarse aggregates. 2.3.2.1. Fine Aggregate This is natural sand from a good source free of impurities and contaminations that is capable of achieving the cohesiveness of the mix and desired strength: Kong and Evans (1996). Fine Aggregate is derived from natural sand or crushed stone sand or crushed gravel with particle capable of passing a 5mm sieve by Kong and Evans. A technically satisfied fine aggregate is one which has the capability of producing satisfactory concrete: Day (1999). It is said by Day to be standard and substandard if having the effect of retarding set, increased bleeding, excessive air entrainment, poor workability and increased water requirement, resulting in increase in shrinkage and extra cost. Most importantly, the features of a fine aggregate that affect the functionality of a design concrete has been identified by Day (1999): (i). Grading. (ii). Particle shape and surface texture. (iii). Clay. (iv). Chemical catalysts (salt and alkaline). (v). presence of mechanical weak particle. (vi). Water absorption level. (vi). source. However, this investigation only discus on the effect of Grading, Particle shape and texture, and more importantly source of the aggregates. 2.3.2.2. Coarse Aggregates . The properties of a coarse aggregate rely on solely the source of basic rock, the crushing process and its treatment in terms of separation into fractions, segregation and contamination as proposed by Day (1999). It is also noted that a coarse aggregate is one which is derived crushed stone, crushed gravel that can retain on a 5mm sieve according to Kong and Evans (1996). One important feature of a coarse aggregate is the bond characteristic usually associated high strength concrete which flexural and tensile strength are of special consideration, and it is a composite nature of chemical effects of surface roughness, particle shapes, water absorption and cleanliness by Day (19990. Again, Kong and Evans (1996); propounded that the durability and chemical inert under expose condition is the most requirement of a coarse aggregate, and the size, shape and surface texture and grading are said to be physical requirements must be examined because these are characteristics which enhance the strength or weakness of concrete. 2.4.0. GRADING A durable concrete must be dense, and when fresh, good enough for compaction: Kong and Evans (1996). There are voids comprise of mixture of cement, water and fine aggregate in mortar and that which is slightly more than sufficient is recommended to fill the voids of coarse and, cement paste slightly more than sufficient also to fill the voids of fine aggregate: Kong and Evans (1996). The voids are seen as functions of grading and particle size distribution by Kong and Evans. Generally, grading is the total way of accessing or categorizing the fineness and grade to which workability of concrete can be achieved considerably at a good flow. This is carried out through a comparative idea of sieve analysis as well as particle size distribution based on the recommendation by British Standards or ASTM of sieve sizes. These sieve sizes are used to estimate the cumulative percentage of finer of the weight retained particles on each sieve. And to comply with the BS 882, the percentages for the coarse aggregate and fine aggregate should fall within the limit the below tables: Kong and Evans (19960). Table2.10 Grading Limits for Coarse Aggregates Percentage by weight passing the standard sieves Nominal size of Aggregates Standards sieve (mm) 40mm to 5mm 20mm to 5mm 14mm to 5mm 50.0 100 37. 90-100 100 20.0 35-70 90-100 100 14.0 90-100 10.0 10-40 30-60 50-85 5.0 0-5 0-10 0-10 Kong and Evans (1996:36) Table2.20 Grading Limits for Fine Aggregates Percentage by weight passing the standard sieves Additional Limits for Grading Sieve Overall Limits C M F 10.0mm 100 5.0mm 89-100 2.36mm 60-100 60-100 65-100 80-100 1.18mm 30-100 30-90 45-100 70-100 600mm 15-100 15-54 25-80 55-100 300 5-70 5-40 5-48 5-70 150mm 0-15 0-15 Kong and Evans (1996:36). The above tables show that especially, the fine aggregate has zone division from coarse, medium and finer. The divisions are larger based on percentage passing the 600mm meaning in a fresh concrete mix, the content of the fine aggregate penetrating has an advantage over workability. 2.5.0. THE CONTENT AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION In the Construction and Building Materials (2010:505-512); Meddah, Zitouni and Belaabes used the effect of content and particle size distribution of coarse aggregate on the compressive strength as a base for argument of concrete strength. This revealed that several properties of aggregate such as degree of weathering, specific gravity, hardness, chemical, and mineral composition, shape, roughness, physical and chemical stability and pore structure are connected to the parent rock. Also, that adequate proportion of granular fractions depend on the type of concrete targeted and thereby, used similar aggregates such as Limestone, Basalt, Diabase, Granite and Quartz of the sizes of 15mm and 25mm for comparison; and ascertained after experimentation that the great effect on the usefulness of aggregates is largely depends on the particle size distribution. Meddah, Zitouni and Belaabes (2010) came to conclusion that; The value of compressive strength of normal concrete increases with the maximum size of coarse aggregates. The content of the coarse aggregates has a great influence on the compressive strength of both normal and high strength concrete, and increase in compressive strength is succeeded. The advantage of the coarse aggregate grains distribution on compressive strength of High Strength concrete is significant as compared to the Normal concrete. The compressive strength is strongly connected to the coarse aggregates parameters such as content proportion of fine to coarse aggregate and grain distribution of concrete mixture. Furthermore, Kong and Evans (1996) also supports these arguments but emphasize that higher coarse aggregate sizes results to lower water/cement ratio to achieve reasonable workability and higher strength of concrete. The reduced water/cement ratio is been offset by the strong effect of the lower bond area at the interface of the cement paste and the aggregate and of the discontinuities caused by the large particles. 2.6.0. EFFECT OF AGGREGATE SOURCE Relative to the action of various aggregate types on concrete properties called Elastic Modulus and compressive strength, several researches have been carried out by different people to justify the boredom to study how the negative impacts are reduced considerably on concrete strength collective sources of aggregates. In the Magazine of Concrete Research of (1999:291-304); this work reported the applicability of the BS approach to a range of 13 different aggregate types from a source in South Africa that the strength of concrete depends not only on stiffness, particle sizes, shape and texture, mix design but on selected sources of the aggregates. The source of controls the physical properties such as Relative Density RD, Look Bulk Density LBD, and Consolidated Bulk Density CBD, water absorption and Coefficient of thermal expansion should be examined in addition. Thus, Alexander (1991:291-304) concluded the results of his experimentation after thorough comparison to others that different aggregates produce different compressive and Elastic Modulus depending on their sources of selection which should be free from contaminations such as sodium chloride or alkaline and, was strongly supported by Day (1999); that chloride content of aggregates collected from beach sand is contaminated than dredge sand from sea. This contamination cause efflorescence and higher shrinkage and utter the setting and handing rates of concrete. 2.7.0. WATER Water is necessary for the design of concrete since it enables the concrete to be properly mix the constituent materials together for compatibility. This design water should be free of contamination of sodium chloride, oils, alkalis and sugar which are catalysts to reduce the effect or workability of the constituent materials of concrete. The requirement for water testing has been provided by the BS3148 for concrete suitability. Suitable water of concrete is otherwise known as design water when the measured volume is enabled to be predicted by the idea of mix design. It is also known as consumable water or hygienic water is necessary in concrete cast to have the desired strength and, if water is suspected to be contaminated, it is advisable by the BS3148 to run or cast a series of test sample made of contaminated and hygienic water to enable the designer to predict its effect on concrete and made decision on the selection of minimum quantity or volume of water is required for optimum strength of concrete whereas, large volume of water gives low strength of concrete. Excess volume of water leads to loss of slump. Workability of concrete depends on the water content used for design when considering the water/cement ratio criterion of mix design. 2.80. PRACTICAL MIX-DESIGN The term Mix-Design is the ability or a medium of selecting good components of concrete known as binders that are normally accessed on batching by weight or volume. The major aim of mix design is to select the optimum ratio of cement, water and aggregates to achieve a concrete with desired strength, workability, durability and economy: Kong and Evans (1996:50). It is strongly emphasize by Kong and Evans that practical mix design are based on the free water/cement ratio as the most important factor and the water content to determine or influence the strength of concrete. The batching relative to weight is preferably important in design of concrete for desired strength, and the idea or process revolves round water/cement proportion for batching weight of concrete for conventional aggregates especially with a constant density in question. 2.8.1. Water- Cement Ratio In general practice of concrete technology, water/cement ratio is perhaps the most important emphasized parameter to be examined in design. The base point of a typical mix design is the proper placed value of the water/cement ratio. It is simply the ratio of water to cement in terms of weight: Kong and Evans (1996). Practical mix design methods engaged the free water/cement and water content which are the two required factors that influence the strength, durability and workability of concrete. In the calculation of the water/cement ratio only the weight of the free water is used amongst the overall water absorbed by the aggregates and, it is the total water less the absorbed water while, the water content is the weight of the free water per unit volume of concrete: Kong and Evans (1996:50). Kong and Evans emphasized that the establishment by an initial mixes otherwise known as trails batch or adjustments on site: supported by Day (1999). Both researchers re cognised that there are two basically main methods of mix design captured from the works of Road Research Laboratory, the American Concrete Institute and Department of the Environment DoE known as the Traditional and DoE mixes. The water/cement ratio is chosen for strength and workability at average of 28 days called the mean target strength relative to characteristic strength: value that exceeds by a suitable margin known as current margin. 2.90. DURABILITY/ PEAMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 2.9.1. Durability The ability of a concrete to achieve its purpose of design in service is very important in design. The parameters that influence the potential integrity of concrete is over estimated in terms of durability of concrete. The provision of appropriate workability, suitable cement, aggregates and water as major ingredients of concrete in accordance with given standard and codes of practice are the base line. The tendency of concrete to exhibit a free corrosive nature and, a maximum protection against external forms of attack is impinge upon the correct choice of materials and adequate proportions: Lydon (1983). Durable design concrete is stable and capable of withstanding all the environmental conditions to which it is exposed: Kong and Evans (1996:38). 2.9.2 Permeability Permeability of concrete is related to durability and it is the crawl at which water can pass through the concrete: Kong and Evans (1996:39). Low permeable enables the concrete to withstand the effects of weathering, rain and action of freezing and thawing exposed conditions. The permeability of concrete increase rapidly with amount of voids and water/cement ratio and, when the amount over influxes the strength of concrete reduces. It is advisable that permeability should not exceed 7% else, bound to be corrosion in case of reinforcement: Kong and Evans (1996). 2.10. CREEP PROPERTY OF CONCRETE. Creep is a property of concrete that depends on loading duration. When there is an increase in strength in concrete with age, it is said to be under creeping condition. Creep is not actually proportional to strength but inversely related and can be estimated provided the strength-age could be determined. This is generally relative to the creep values of specimen concrete mixes which is derived from loading to one-third of the cube strength at 28 days curing age: Kong and Evans (1996:30). The concrete is unlikely to be stressed beyond one-half of the cube strength and, the creep of concrete at specified period of loading is roughly estimated to be proportional to the stress by Kong and Evans. Different concrete of the same cement paste content would produce creep that is approximately proportional to the stress/ strength ratio. Desired strength unaffected by creep is determined with respect to the avoidance of long term loading duration of concrete. The rate at which creep increases d epends on the increase in temperature as a linear function and, at a value of 1% of the 15 oC creep for each degree Celsius: Kong and Evans (1996:31). Generally, aggregate-cement ratio, aggregate content, cement content and water content do not have any significant effect on creep but water-cement ratio and cement type influence the level of creep in concrete design. 2.11. SHRINKAGE PROPERTY OF CONCRETE The shortening in length or contraction of concrete as a result of absorption of water in the gel is related to dry shrinkage: Kong and Evans (1996:33). It is a physical property of concrete unlike creep of chemical influence. Aggregate content, fineness of cement, and temperature influence the level of shrinkage of concrete. Low shrinkage concrete contains non-shrinking aggregates like limestone Quartzite gravel, mountain limestone, blast furnace slag, dolomite, granite and so on: Kong and Evans (1996:35). While, high shrinkage is as a result of aggregates volume change on wetting and drying such as slate, sandstone, basalt so on. Both coarse and fine aggregates influence the level of concrete shrinkage more importantly and, shrinkage is been reduced by using various aggregates of high Moduli of Elasticity that are dense and hard. 2.11.1. Aggregates Shrinkage Mechanism In Concrete Aggregates do undergo change in volume because they contain some minerals in form of clay which swell up when absorbing water or dry out and shrink. During setting of concrete, the cement paste volume changes. Forces are exerted during setting on aggregates resulting in moisture content affecting the overall size of the aggregate. The total weight of aggregates is that which is related to Elastic modulus and the volume ratio of the cement paste. It is reasonable to say that all aggregates suppose to be shrinkable to a greater or less extent as well as change in volume for proper classifications and selections for high or low shrinkage types: Pike (1990). The effect of high shrinkage causes unwanted movement or cracks and reduction in durability of concrete thereby leads to corrosion of the reinforcement members. 2.12. CONCRETE STRENGTH The design strength is associated with Compressive strength of concrete which is the common measure for judging a standard durable concrete at 28 days curing age. Buildings and other Engineering structures are purely designed with the most performance estimate of the compressive strength for stability, workability and durability of concrete. In the National Ready Mix Concrete association (NRMCA:2003); compressive strength is generally regarded as a measure by breaking Cylindrical Concrete Specimens in a Compressive Testing Machine basically, based on the precepts of the BS8110 and ASTM. The estimation of compressive strength is derived from the failure load over the cross-sectional area that is resisting the load of unit of mega Pasca (Mpa); an International standard Unit of measurement: BS8110 (1985) and NRMCA (2003). Compressive Strength of concrete varies from 17-28Mpa. The compressive needs to be determined from a concrete mixture to attain the desired or required strength for sp ecified for a job. The strength tested results from cast concrete cylinder is used for quality control, estimation of strength or acceptance of concrete in