Inclusive Education Essay

Inclusive Education refers to educational institutions and systems that accommodate all children to develop their cognitive and intellectual skills. The diversity of the children poses a challenge for the system as the main goal of the program is to ensure all children learn and partake in the educational experience of the program. The teachers, school and the system itself has be transformed to accommodate the varied educational needs of the children in the program. This means that the system should not disregard each child’s own character in the process of learning. For this to be possible, the system should determine the different barriers and factors that affect the learning processes of the individuals. Inclusive education breaks the different barriers to include children who are then excluded from the mainstream school systems groups. Though placing the excluded children in the mainstream educational system does not guarantee results of inclusiveness, the system must greatly lay its key principles and practices to be effective. Inclusive education is guided by principles which are determined to meet the goals of the program to include all children in the mainstream educational system. The right of a child to inherent education on the basis of equality and opportunity is given in the Constitution as a basic right of the child. The parameters that all children are included in the mainstream educational system means that no child shall be discriminated upon on all aspects, such as race, sex, religion, disability and others. There is also the realization that all children can learn and benefit from education and the educational institutions must adapt to the needs of the children in their different learning process mechanisms. The right of the children to be different from one another no matter whatever views or opinions they may have should also be given utmost attention by educators. And educators, as persons responsible for honing their intellectual and cognitive skills are addressed with a wide and flexible options. The inclusive schools must be aware that the concept of inclusive education is not a process and can not have immediate results. Key players of the program, like the children, parents and the community must have an active participation in the process. The system must determine the diversity of the children, and how to address them by lessening the barriers. The system must always be in the pursuit to provide accessible curriculum for the children, program and training for the teachers, and continuously gather information and support not only to the children but also to the children. . Benefits of the Inclusive Education Researches show the benefits of inclusive education. Teachers are different in their own ways. They have different teaching practices and methods that suits both able and disabled children. The program of including disabled children into the mainstream educational system poses a challenge to educators as though their needs are different; the educator must be able to teach them in the same way they teach the children without disabilities. All the children greatly benefits from the diversity because the socialization process is unique and conducive for the children’s’ communication and interaction skills. The children will learn different things from one another, even build friendship from the experience. Involving the disabled with the non-disabled peers allows the children to realize that there are no significant differences between them. This will greatly help the children face the reality of living in the real world. The disabled students will then be able to realize that their worth are appreciated and not looked upon in the classroom. This will help their confidence and trust in themselves. The educators must also enforce positive modeling in the classroom for the children to accept their differences for them to get along more. In a three day Disability Knowledge and Research conference in Bangladesh in May 2005, the Executive Director for Center for Services and Information on Disability was quoted saying that â€Å"Inclusive education is about children. They must be at the center of our discussions and represented in our research. † (Trott 2005. ) (www. disabilitykar. net) This strengthened the motivation of over 60 participants from Asia, America and European nations of the conference to promote the inclusive education program. This aims to convene all advocates of Inclusive Education in to reaching the goal of integrating the mainstream educational system with the excluded children. Some studies had been made to determine the effectiveness of the program and how the educational system needs to adopt this system. In 1995, a National Study of Inclusive Education report of NCERI in school districts in 9 states in the US shows how the inclusive education program will greatly benefit the children throughout the country. The research reported positive changes in the students, increased independence among themselves and self-esteem. Their academic skills also improved along with the children’s communication skills. In 1997, researchers Lipsky and Gartner conclude that the data they have gathered had shown the positive trend of improvement from different aspects such as the children’s academic skills, social skills and their behavior. (2004 . ) (http://www. projectchoices. org/faqBenefits. aspx) The report strengthens the advocacy of the Inclusive Education program to be implemented in the country. Another research done in the year 1994-1995 by Staub and Peck(2004 . ) (http://www. projectchoices. org/faqBenefits. aspx) discovered the common concerns of the program for the children and the education system. These are: the academic performance of the nondisabled children, the time and attention given by the teacher, and the disabled students learning undesirable behavior from students with disabilities. The report will help in determining the boundaries of the inclusive education program and will allow the formulation of solutions for the problems mentioned. It should be noted that the program must be able to focus on both the disabled and nondisabled students learning processes. The educators must also find a balance in which they can attend to the needs of the children, though differently, this must be addressed to the teachers. The third concern deals with how the differences between the children are able to influence one another. The children learn things from their peers, and it is of great concern for the program to limit the bad influences from the children. The earlier research focus on the how the program will affect the children. The results have found no supporting conclusions for Staub and Peck’s research determining the three main concerns of the program. The researchers did another study in which they were able to determine the benefits of inclusive education. The program reduces the fear of differences between human, in particular children, because of increased comfort and awareness of one another. There has also been growth in social cognition as the differences in each person were made aware. The self-concept, or what is perceived as to be the true concept of a persons’ self, has improved. The program also develops personal principles and friendship among the children amidst of their differences. (2004 . ) (http://www. projectchoices. org/faqBenefits. aspx)

Introduction Of Intravenous Urography Definitions Health And Social Care Essay

Radiography scrutiny of urinary piece of land via endovenous injection of contrast media ( giving liquid substances straight into a vena ) .This construction became as a flow or urination.This flow did n't demo a clear image in a general x-ray.Although, with endovenous urography process, contrast media is injected into vena ( endovenous injection ) . The contrast media will flux through all the venas, that is focused at the kidney part and flows out at ureter and go as urine.The contrast media will be opaque to the x-ray.So, kidney, ureter, urethra construction and saddle sore vesica will be shown clearly as white or opaque countries on the x-ray image.The x-ray image is known as endovenous urography.PurposeIntravenous urography will finish information all about kidney disease, ureter and chafe bladder.This process consists of two phase.First, it needs good functional of kidney to filtrate dye comes out from blood to urine.Time that needed for dye to be on X ray is related with kidney function.Second stage gives anatomical image of urination piece of land. Between foremost proceedingss, the dye will give clear image of kidney, stage that called as nephrogram.The other image will follow dye that passes down to the ureter and saddle sore bladder.The last movie is taken after urine comes out will demo how the saddle sore vesica is emptied well.Intravenous urography by and large undergoes for valuate the abnormalcy construction or obstructor of the micturition piece of land.INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY HELPS IN THE PROBLEMSKdney rocks in the kidney ( a rock in kidney or ureter will be shown clearly on the x-ray movie ) , Urine infection ( if patient has infection at the vesica or kidney, endovenous urography helps to happen if patients has obstructor or unnatural kidney ) , haematuria / hemorrhage in piss ( it is caused by infections, annoyance and tumour in kidney.with endovenous urography, it can assist to happen the cause ) , obstructor or amendss at any portion at urination piece of land can be seen by endovenous urography.Contrast MEDIAHigh- osmolality contrast media ( HOCM ) or low-osmolality contrast media ( LOCM ) are acceptable but the undermentioned ‘high hazard ‘ groups should have LOCM such as babies and little kids and the aged, those with nephritic and / or cardiac failure, ill hydrated patients, patients with diabetes, myelomatosis or sickle-cell anemia, patients who have had a old terrible contrast medium reaction with LOCM or those with a strong allergic history.ADULTS DOSE50 milliliter.PAEDIATRIC DOSE1 ml kgE†°? .PATIENT PREPARATIONNo nutrient for 5 hours prior to the examination.The patient should non be overhydrated but should be usually hydrated.Dehydration is non necessary and does non better image quality.Patients should be, sooner, be ambulatory for 2 hr prior to the scrutiny to cut down intestine gas.The everyday disposal of bowel readying fails to better diagnostic quality of the scrutiny and its usage makes the scrutiny and its usage makes the scrutiny more unpleasant for the pati ent, others claim there is no grounds this is advantageous. The patient should avoid the heavy repast prior to the scrutiny to cut down the sum of intestine gas, and the vesica should be empty.If the scrutiny is to be performed on a patient who has antecedently had a terrible contrast medium reaction, consideration should be given to administrating methyl Pediapred 32 milligram orally 12 and 2 hr prior to injection of contrast medium inaddition to guaranting that a LOCM is used Preliminary radiogram should be taken to show possible calcifications, concretions or other abnormalcies in the venters to happen the place of the kidneys, and to look into the technique factors.Preparation BEFORE INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY EXAMINATIONThe kidney should can be filter the contrast.For that, it is rare to make if the patient has unfunctional kidney.Before the process, the patient needs to undergoes blood trial to do certain the kidney is good function.The patient should inform the physician if there are any allergic reaction, prior to the contrast media likes iodine.The patient informed that do non devour any heavy repast certain hours before the procedure.This is to do certain, the patient ‘s colon is free from nutrients that can do the image became clear .The patient will be given laxatives ( dulcolax / heavy doses causes painful cramps ) before the procedure.the intent is to clean the intestine that can do the x-ray image more clear.The patient will besides be given the informed consent for patient understand about the procedure.If patient has diabetes and takes Glucophage, the patient should halt takes the pills for two yearss before the examination.This is caused by the combination of Glucophage and contrast media that maybe gives side effects to the kidney.AFTER THE PROCEDUREAfter the endovenous urography process, the physician will name the movies discourse how to do colony with the patient and family.As an illustration, the physician can non see both of the kidney x-ray image clearly after four hours, the patient should let them to see for the following process. There are many causes of the obstructors is kidney stones.the other causes are mass, tumour or malignant neoplastic disease at the tissue near the ureter.Sometimes, the hemorrhage in kidney can do blood coagulum that cause obstructor of micturition from gall vesica and ureter. See of this scrutiny, the physician will do two actions ; either waiting for yearss for the rocks pass out in urine or refer to the specializer of the Urology that maestro in micturition disease.If the endovenous urography shown the obstructor of big rock in the upper or in-between portion of ureter, the urologist possibly used lithotripter machine that send sound moving ridges to interrupt rocks to little atoms that can go through through the ureter easy and comes out from organic structure via piss.PRELIMINARY FILMSupine, full length AP of the venters, in inspiration.The lower boundary line of the cassette is at the degree of the symphysis pubic bone and x-ray beam is centred in the mid-line at the degree of the iliac crests.TechniqueThe average antecubital vena is the preferable injection site because flow is retarded in the cephalic vena as it pierces the clavipectoral fascia.A 19-G is advanced up the vena to cut down the hazard of a perivenous injection and the injection is give n quickly as a bolus to maximise the denseness of the nephrogram.Upper arm or shoulder hurting may be due to stasis of contrast medium in the vein.This is relieved by abduction of the arm. The patient is undress ( have oning infirmary gown ) and lying on the x-ray table.The contrast media is injected into venas or the arm.Ptient possibly feels pain.The contrast media is filtered via kidney and to ureter.The uninterrupted x-ray image is taken at the venters, normally every five proceedingss to ten proceedingss. Patient is lying on the x-ray tabular array when the x-ray image is taken but, the patient will teach to travel to the lavatory for micturution before the last x-ray image is taken.Although, a few x-ray image is taken for hours before the examinationin certain conditions.Patient can endorse place after the process is done.Patient can devour normal repast after the scrutiny.MoviesIMMEDIATE FILMAnteroposterior ( AP ) renal areas.This movies is exposed 10-14 seconds after the injection ( arm-to-kidney clip ) .Its purposes to demo the nephrogram, as an illustration the nephritic parenchyma opacified by contrast mediain the nephritic tubules.5-MINUTES FILMAP nephritic areas.This movie is taken to find if eliminations is symmetrical and is priceless for measuring the demand to modify technique, as an examplea farther injections of contrast media if there has been hapless initial opacification. A compaction set is now applied around the patient ‘s venters and the balloon positioned halfway between the anterior superior iliac spinal columns, as an illustration exactly over the ureters as they cross the pelvic brim.The purpose is to bring forth better pelvicalyceal distension.Compression is contraindicated after recent abdominal surgery, after nephritic injury, if there is a big abdominal mass and when the 5-minutes movie shows already distended calyces.15-MINUTES FILMAp of nephritic areas.There is normally equal distention of the pelvicalyceal systems with opaque piss by this time.Compression is releasd when satisfactory presentation of the pelvicalyceal systems has been achieved.RELEASE FILMSupine AP abdomen.This movie is taken to demo the whole urinary tract.If this movie is satisfactory, the patient is asked to empty their vesica.AFTER MICTURITION FILMBased on the clinical findings and the radiological findings on the earlier movies, this will be either a full-lengt h abdominal movie or a coned position of the vesica with the tubing angled 15 & A ; deg ; caudad and centred 5cm above the symphysis pubic bone. The chief value of this movie is to measure vesica voidance, to show a return to normal of dilated upper piece of lands with alleviation of vesica force per unit area, to help the diagnosing of vesica tumours, to corroborate ureterovesical junction concretion and, uncommonly, to show a urethral diverticulum in females.RISKS AND SIDE EFEECTSThere are small opportunities to acquire malignant neoplastic disease from radiation exposure.Radiation dosage that effectual from this process this is 3msv, same like people who are got the radiation in one year.Contrast media that is used in endovenous urography can do to irritation reaction to patients, sometimes it need medical treatment.Pregnant adult female should inform physician or radiographer if they are pregnant. Small per centum of patient that got serious allergic reaction to contrast media, like unable to talk, breath or sup, swollen at lips and lingua, low blood force per unit area or faint.During the contrast media is injected, patient feels hot.This allergic reaction to contrast media is rare to happen.The effects is inflammation of the tegument, annoyance and conceited lips, The serious effects is hard in take a breathing and swoon cause of the low blood force per unit area.DecisionRadiographer demand to hold a high grade of cognition, accomplishment, consciousness and involvement in this field so that they can carry through their day-to-day responsibilities efficaciously without seting patients life in danger.Contrast media is used in endovenous urography so that there are opaque or white countries at the kidney construction, ureter and vesica and this aid in better more clear x-ray image.Intavenous urography is an x-ray process that is used to name kidney jobs, ureter, vesica and ure thra tract.This construction became it as micturition tract.The urination piece of land did n't demo clear image in general x-ray image. Although, with endovenous uroraphy, contrast media is injected into the vien ( endovenous is the giving of liquid substances straight into a vena ) that focused at kidney and comes out through the ureter as urine.Contrast media will be opaque to the x-ray.So, the kidney, ureter and vesica will shown as white or opaque countries in x-ray image.X -ray image that green goods is known as endovenous urography.

Deception Point Page 50

With calm bred from the performance of countless executions, Delta-One dialed a ten-second delay into the grenade's screw-dial, slid out the pin, and threw the grenade down into the chasm. The bomb plummeted into the darkness and disappeared. Then Delta-One and his partner cleared back up onto the top of the berm and waited. This would be a sight to behold. Even in her delirious state of mind, Rachel Sexton had a very good idea what the attackers had just dropped into the crevasse. Whether Michael Tolland also knew or whether he was reading the fear in her eyes was unclear, but she saw him go pale, shooting a horrified glance down at the mammoth slab of ice on which they were stranded, clearly realizing the inevitable. Like a storm cloud lit by an internal flash of lightning, the ice beneath Rachel illuminated from within. The eerie white translucence shot out in all directions. For a hundred yards around them, the glacier flashed white. The concussion came next. Not a rumble like an earthquake, but a deafening shock wave of gut-churning force. Rachel felt the impact tearing up through the ice into her body. Instantly, as if a wedge had been driven between the ice shelf and the block of ice supporting them, the cliff began to shear off with a sickening crack. Rachel's eyes locked with Tolland's in a freeze-frame of terror. Corky let out a scream nearby. The bottom dropped out. Rachel felt weightless for an instant, hovering over the multimillion-pound block of ice. Then they were riding the iceberg down-plummeting into the frigid sea. 56 The deafening grating of ice against ice assaulted Rachel's ears as the massive slab slid down the face of the Milne Ice Shelf, sending towering plumes of spray into the air. As the slab splashed downward, it slowed, and Rachel's previously weightless body crashed down onto the top of the ice. Tolland and Corky landed hard nearby. As the block's downward momentum plunged it deeper into the sea, Rachel could see the foaming surface of the ocean racing upward with a kind of taunting deceleration, like the ground beneath a bungee-jumper whose cord was a few feet too long. Rising†¦ rising†¦ and then it was there. Her childhood nightmare was back. The ice†¦ the water†¦ the darkness. The dread was almost primal. The top of the slab slipped below the waterline, and the frigid Arctic Ocean poured over the edges in a torrent. As the ocean rushed in all around her, Rachel felt herself sucked under. The bare skin on her face tightened and burned as the saltwater hit. The flooring of ice disappeared beneath her, and Rachel fought her way back to the surface, buoyed by the gel in her suit. She took in a mouthful of saltwater, sputtering to the surface. She could see the others floundering nearby, all of them tangled in tethers. Just as Rachel righted herself, Tolland yelled out. â€Å"It's coming back up!† As his words echoed above the tumult, Rachel felt an eerie upwelling in the water beneath her. Like a massive locomotive straining to reverse direction, the slab of ice had groaned to a stop underwater and was now beginning its ascent directly beneath them. Fathoms below, a sickening low frequency rumble resonated upward through the water as the gigantic submerged sheet began scraping its way back up the face of the glacier. The slab rose fast, accelerating as it came, swooping up from the darkness. Rachel felt herself rising. The ocean roiled all around as the ice met her body. She scrambled in vain, trying to find her balance as the ice propelled her skyward along with millions of gallons of seawater. Buoying upward, the giant sheet bobbed above the surface, heaving and teetering, looking for its center of gravity. Rachel found herself scrambling in waist-deep water across the enormous, flat expanse. As the water began pouring off the surface, the current swallowed Rachel and dragged her toward the edge. Sliding, splayed flat on her stomach, Rachel could see the edge looming fast. Hold on! Rachel's mother's voice was calling the same way it had when Rachel was just a child floundering beneath the icy pond. Hold on! Don't go under! The wrenching yank on her harness expelled what little air Rachel had left in her lungs. She jerked to a dead stop only yards from the edge. The motion spun her in place. Ten yards away, she could see Corky's limp body, still tethered to her, also jolting to a stop. They had been flowing off the sheet in opposite directions and his momentum had stopped her. As the water ran off and grew more shallow, another dark form appeared over near Corky. He was on his hands and knees, grasping Corky's tether and vomiting saltwater. Michael Tolland. As the last of the wake drained past her and flowed off the iceberg, Rachel lay in terrified silence, listening to the sounds of the ocean. Then, feeling the onset of deadly cold, she dragged herself onto her hands and knees. The ‘berg was still bobbing back and forth, like a giant ice cube. Delirious and in pain, she crawled back toward the others. High above on the glacier, Delta-One peered through his night-vision goggles at the water churning around the Arctic Ocean's newest tabular iceberg. Although he saw no bodies in the water, he was not surprised. The ocean was dark, and his quarry's weather suits and skullcaps were black. As he passed his gaze across the surface of the enormous floating sheet of ice, he had a hard time keeping it in focus. It was receding quickly, already heading out to sea in the strong offshore currents. He was about to turn his gaze back to the sea when he saw something unexpected. Three specks of black on the ice. Are those bodies? Delta-One tried to bring them into focus. â€Å"See something?† Delta-Two asked. Delta-One said nothing, focusing in with his magnifier. In the pale tint of the iceberg, he was stunned to see three human forms huddled motionless on the island of ice. Whether they were alive or dead, Delta-One had no idea. It hardly mattered. If they were alive, even in weather suits, they'd be dead within the hour; they were wet, a storm was coming in, and they were drifting seaward into one of the most deadly oceans on the planet. Their bodies would never be found. â€Å"Just shadows,† Delta-One said, turning from the cliff. â€Å"Let's get back to base.† 57 Senator Sedgewick Sexton set his snifter of Courvoisier on the mantelpiece of his Westbrook apartment and stoked the fire for several moments, gathering his thoughts. The six men in the den with him sat in silence now†¦ waiting. The small talk was over. It was time for Senator Sexton to make his pitch. They knew it. He knew it. Politics was sales. Establish trust. Let them know you understand their problems. â€Å"As you may know,† Sexton said, turning toward them, â€Å"over the past months, I have met with many men in your same position.† He smiled and sat down, joining them on their level. â€Å"You are the only ones I have ever brought into my home. You are extraordinary men, and I am honored to meet you.† Sexton folded his hands and let his eyes circle the room, making personal contact with each of his guests. Then he focused in on his first mark-the heavyset man in the cowboy hat. â€Å"Space Industries of Houston,† Sexton said. â€Å"I'm glad you came.† The Texan grunted. â€Å"I hate this town.† â€Å"I don't blame you. Washington has been unfair to you.† The Texan stared out from beneath the rim of his hat but said nothing. â€Å"Twelve years back,† Sexton began, â€Å"you made an offer to the U.S. government. You proposed to build them a U.S. space station for a mere five billion dollars.† â€Å"Yeah, I did. I still have the blueprints.† â€Å"And yet NASA convinced the government that a U.S. space station should be a NASA project.† â€Å"Right. NASA started building almost a decade ago.†

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MEA and PTE - Research Paper Example Ford is also one of the largest automobile producers of automobile in the international market. Social: The social issues faced by Ford and the automobile industry are mainly related to the cultural values and codes reflected by the organization. Goerzen & Beamish (2008) noted that the growing population and the demand for better transportation system has increased the scope of business for automobile firms. However, the increased cost of living and the rising fuel prices are major worries for the consumers in context of purchasing automobiles. Technological: Technology is one of the driving forces of the business firms in the existing scenario. The growth and development of technological aspects has allowed the organizations to expand their market space over internet and also enhance their operational performance with the help of robotics (Morris, Schindehutte & Allen, 2011). However, the opportunity cost of the firms is increasing and the technicality in the operations is also reducing the control of the management on the production functions of the company. Economical: The economical condition of the international market place was largely shaken with the recent global financial crisis of 2007-08. Amidst these economical instabilities, Ford was already facing financial crisis as their profits were falling (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011). Apart from these, other economical complexities include currency fluctuation, taxation, government policies, etc are also major economic hurdles for the company in the international market. Environmental: The environmental concerns for the automobile organizations are growing rapidly. With the increased demand for vehicles, companies such as Ford have also increased their production process resulting in increased energy usage and creation of industrial waste which is hampering the natural environment. Moreover, the amplified amount of

Principles That Define the Culutral Level of Analysis Essay Example for Free

Principles That Define the Culutral Level of Analysis Essay Explain how principles that define CLOA may be demonstrated in research. ’ The first Principle states that Humans are information processors. Cognition refers to the mental tasks or thinking involved in human behavior. Thinking may involve memory, attention, perception, language and decision making at any one time. Cognitive psychologists see these cognitions are active systems; In between taking in and responding to information a number of processes are at work. Information can be transformed; reduced, elaborated, filtered, manipulated, selected, organized, stored and retrieved Therefore the human mind is seen as active system processing information, and cognitive psychologist’s aim to study these processes. Central to this information processing approach is the computer metaphor. One of the difficulties facing cognitive psychologists is that they were trying to study processes that are not directly observable. Consequently the computer revolution of the 1950 provided the terminology and metaphor they needed. People, like computers, acquire information from the environment (input). Both people and computers store information and retrieve it when applicable to current tasks; both are limited in the amount of information they can process at a given time; both transform information to produce new information; both return information to the environment (output). This information processing approach was adopted by Atkinson and Shiffrin in their Multistore Model of memory (1968). This model sees memory as an active process. Information flows in through the sensory stage (input). It then flows to the short-term memory before it is transferred to long term memory where it can be stored and later retrieved. A further example of information processing is the organization of information into schemas in the LTM. Schemas are mental models of the world. Information in LTM is stored in interrelated networks of these schemas and these schemas can affect retrieval. Simply put, schema theory states that all knowledge is organized into units. Within these units of knowledge, or schemata, is stored information. A schema, then, is a generalized description or a conceptual system for understanding knowledge-how knowledge is represented and how it is used. According to this theory, schemata represent knowledge about concepts: objects and the relationships they have with other objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions, and sequences of actions. A simple example is to think of your schema for dog. Within that schema you most likely have knowledge about dogs in general (bark, four legs, teeth, hair, and tails) and probably information about specific dogs, such as collies (long hair, large, Lassie) or springer spaniels (English, docked tails, liver and white or black and white, Millie). You may also think of dogs within the greater context of animals and other living things; that is, dogs breathe, need food, and reproduce. Your knowledge of dogs might also include the fact that they are mammals and thus are warm-blooded and bear their young as opposed to laying eggs. Depending upon your personal experience, the knowledge of a dog as a pet (domesticated and loyal) or as an animal to fear (likely to bite or attack) may be a part of your schema. And so it goes with the development of a schema. Each new experience incorporates more information into ones schema. The second principle of CLOA states that the mind can be studied scientifically. Cognitive processes are difficult to study. They often occur rapidly, and inside the mind so they cannot be observed directly. It is only the responses that participants make when given some cognitive task to perform that can tell us about cognitive processes. These tasks usually take place under tightly controlled lab experiments where the main aim is to isolate a particular component of the cognitive process for the study. One of the earliest and most famous experiments into cognitive processes is the Stroop Effect. The Stroop effect is a phenomena involved in attentional processes. Although we will actually focus on the process of memory this is a good study to look at. People are often introduced to the Stroop Effect in beginning psychology classes as they learn about how their brains process information. It demonstrates the effects of interference, processing speed (reaction time) and automaticity in divided attention. The effect is named after John Ridley Stroop who first published the effect in English in 1935. In his experiments, J. R. Stroop administered several variations of the same test for which three different kinds of stimuli were created. In the first one, names of colors appeared in black ink. In the second, names of colors appeared in a different ink than the color named. Finally in the third one, there were squares of a given color. In the first experiment, 1 and 2 were used. The task required the participants to read the written color names of the words independently of the color of the ink (for example, they would have to read purple no matter what the color of its ink was). In the second experiment, stimulus 2 and 3 were used, and participants were required to say the color of the letters independently of the written word with the second kind of stimulus and also name the color of the dot squares. If the word purple was written in red, they would have to say red, but not purple; when the squares were shown, the participant would have to say its color. Stroop, in the third experiment, tested his participants at different stages of practice at the tasks and stimulus used in the first and second experiments, to account for the effects of association. Stroop noted that participants took much longer to complete the color reading in the second task than they had taken to name the colors of the squares in Experiment 2. This delay had not appeared in the first experiment. Such interference was explained by the automation of reading, where the mind automatically determines the semantic meaning of the word (it reads the word red and thinks of the color red), and then must intentionally check itself and identify instead the color of the word (the ink is a color other than red), a process that is not automatized. This is a classic laboratory experiment that involves the manipulation of an independent variable (colour or name of word) to see what effect it has on the dependent variable (reaction time). It attempts to control the influence of all other extraneous variables – such as other cognitive processes or skills. It also allows us to establish a cause and effect relationship between task and mental process. The strengths of the experiment are that it got valid results but however was still very unethical which not usuall in psychology is. One more strength is that it is an easy experiment which does not need a lot of input to carry out. The study can be considered cross cultural as any human would act the same in this situation. Obviously the reaction times would be different but in the end anyone would take longer to read the words writte in a different colour. Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors, is the statement which forms the third principle. Although cognitive tasks such as memory and attention are universal, there are cross cultural variations in processing mechanisms. Bartlett’s study demonstrates how memory can be distorted by cultural schemas. Schemas are representations of knowledge based on experience. In his study in which British participants were asked to recall a native American folktale. He found that the story of ‘The War of the Ghosts’ was difficult for Western people to reproduce exactly because of its cultural content which was unfamiliar to them so in fact they encoded the meaning of the story adapted to their existing cultural schemas. As a result Bartlett concluded that interpretation plays a large role in remembering events or stories. We reconstruct the past and try to make it fit into our schemata, the more difficult this is to do, the more likely it is that elements are forgotten or distorted so that it fits and remembering is integrally related to the social and cultural context in which it is practiced. Cole and Scribner (1974) studied memory skills in both American and Liberian children. They argued that cognitive processes are universal but not cognitive skills. Cognitive skills are dependent on the environment – education, social interaction, culture and technologies make up the environment they observed the effects formal schooling / education (culture) had on memory they compared recall of a series of words in the US and amongst the Kpelle people using word lists that were culturally specific. They found that in general educated Kpelle children performed better in the recall of list than no educated Kpelle children and those overall American children performed better than Kpelle children. Although this could be interpreted as memory skills being better amongst Americans children than Kpelle (African) children such an interpretation would overlook the influence of culture. Western schooling emphasizes certain cognitive strategies such as clustering / categorizing. It is unlikely such parallels exist in traditional societies like the Kpelle People learn to remember in ways that are relevant for their everyday lives, and these do not always mirror the activities that cognitive psychologists use to investigate mental processes The strengths of this lab study are that it was carried out ethically and the with the results we can almost confirm the cross cultural validity but of course we cant confirm it with 100% as exceptions will always be there. The applications of this study are basically already demonstrated within the study as it can be used for memory in schools or even at a working place.

Private or public Essay Example for Free

Private or public Essay Most parents want their children to gain better knowledge because knowledge is the most vital thing for children to live through in the future. To gain better knowledge, the most right thing is to choose an appropriate school. Parents struggle with it because it is relatively difficult to choose an appropriate school for their children. They consider choosing either private school or public school. There are many differences between public and private schools. The purpose of this essay is to differentiate teachers, studying conditions and tuition of private and public schools. The first difference between private and public school is teachers. Teachers of private school are better educated than teachers of public schools. Because private school employers try to hire well educated teachers who have not only have a bachelor’s degree but also have a graduate degree. The quality of education is the most important one. Moreover, private school teachers have to have well communication skills and ability to teach well. In contrast, public schools don’t care much of their teachers. Any teacher who has a bachelor’s degree can teach in public school. The second difference between private and public school is studying conditions. Studying condition in private school is less noisy than that in public school. Because, private school have less number of students and teachers as compared to the public schools. In addition, studying rooms are more comfortable than that in public schools. Moreover, studying rooms in public schools are known to be worse than in private schools with buildings, libraries and furniture. Many prestigious private schools provide new books to their students which make students more likely to study. On the contrary, most books which are provided from public schools are old. For this reason, students motivation to study decreases. The third difference between private and public school is tuition. Most private schools charge tuitions. Most of the private schools hold an event for parents. These activities are dedicated for parents to have stable communication between teachers and parents. In conclusion, parents choose private schools because it is better than public schools. I graduated from private school but, I had studied public school too. So, I know the differences and identifications of private and public schools. The reason why I choose private school is, I studied better in private school than in public school. There were many advantages that I found in a private school which were the studying condition was better in private school and teachers were highly qualified than that in public school. It is much better to choose private school because private school can educate student better than public school. Despite, private school charges tuition while it can give students much more education than public school. The more you pay, the more you take.

The Tiananmen Square Massacre History Essay

The Tiananmen Square Massacre History Essay With thousands left wounded, a seemingly countless number of citizens reported dead, and a country left with a damaged reputation. All of these were the results of a truly unforgettable and shocking event which happened on the 4th of June 1989, the Tiananmen Square massacre. In order to grasp a better understanding of this historical event, I have put together some sub headings and questions to break it down into a more understandable manner. What is Tiananmen Square? Tiananmen Square, situated in Chinas capital, Beijing, is the largest public space in the world. Being one of the largest tourist attractions in the world, it is surrounded by monumental public buildings that line its edges and vast spaces in between that echoes this scary event. It is named after the Tiananmen Gate (Gate of Heavenly Peace) located to its North. This gate separates it from the Forbidden City. Tiananmen Square is the Third largest city square in the world at 440,000m ². Today it has great cultural significance as it was the hosted site of several important events in Chinese history, including this famous 1989 protest, which ultimately lead to military suppression and the deaths of multiple protestors. What was the cause of the protest? After the war between the communists and the Kuomingtang (KMT) party in China, the leader of the KMT, Chiang Kai-shek, fled to Taiwan with his party. As this happened Mao Zedong, leader of the communist party, was given the advantage and then took control and launched multiple communist reforms such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. The transition was slow, but the people of the Peoples Republic of China began to accept the change to communism. This was followed by the next chairman, Deng Xiaoping, attempting to calm the system that Mao Zedong had set up. Xiaoping would then try to convert China in his own way. He would begin by slowly easing China into a market economy, but by the year 1989, these economic and political changes had already given birth to two groups, groups in which were completely unsatisfied. The first group was essentially a group of students and intellectuals who, in their minds, felt that the reforms had not gone far enough. The second group was a group of industrial workers who believed, quite simply, the opposite. The workers believed that the reforms had gone too far and thought that they were also beginning to put their way of living in jeopardy. These two groups on April 15 1989 came together to begin their protests. This protest at Tiananmen Square was different than protests prior to this one. For example, the 1987 protest consisted of just students and intellectuals, and the 1989 protest included students, intellectuals and workers. Over a million supporters took part in the pro-democracy protest of 1989. The demonstrators at Tiananmen Square performed daily marches, and chanted The Internationale in their native language. This would be accommodated shortly after by a hunger strike, another tactic that the protestors engaged in. This tactic was very popular among the Chinese. At the beginning of these protests, some but not all attempts were successful, and actually made a negotiation with the government. These negotiations were soon overlooked by the government because of the visiting of Mikhail Gorbachev (chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet). This lead to a lot of press being present. The press found the protests fascinating and began to cover the scenes with extreme curiosity. Around the time of May 30 1989, the protesters erected the Goddess of Democracy, a symbol in which the people watching this on the television from home could associate the protests with. This statue was also known as the Goddess of Liberty. It was 10 meters tall and was constructed in only four days out of foam and papier-mà ¢chà © over a metal armature. It was built so big so it would be hard to dismantle by the government. This meant that they would either have to destroy the statue (an action which would fuel further criticism of its policies) or leave it standin g. After what seemed like endless negotiation and the Chinese government asking the students to return to their institutions, there was no co-operation between the two sides. This meant that the party elders of the government had to stop this protest by force. Martial Law On May 20th, 1989 Deng Xiaoping declared martial law. This is when military forces (in this case the Peoples Liberation Army) are called upon to bring a particular region or an event to a halt by any means necessary. On this day four convoys of military vehicles proceeded towards Tiananmen Square but were no longer able to advance any further upon reaching the thousands of demonstrators. These protesters were lecturing soldiers and appealed to them to join their cause and they also provided the soldiers with food, water and a roof over their heads. All government forces were forced to retaliate and withdraw their army on the 24th of May as they were highly outnumbered by the mounds of protesters. The authorities, at this point, saw no way forward. While this retreat by the government initially being seen as the turning of the tide in favour of the protestors went on, in reality every military region was sending units by rail and even by air. Regular airline flights were even cancelled due to the mass amount of military personnel travelling. Fall of the protest By the time late May had arrived, the protestors were getting very much disorganised and had no real leadership amongst them anymore. It dragged on so long that the face of Tiananmen Square was filled with serious hygienic problems and had overcrowding issues that werent taken care of. By June the leadership agreed that it was necessary to end the turmoil, and that the students occupying the Square should return to their campuses. However, this had many problems and they ended up struggling with the idea of using force. Through this, the members of Politburo had to agree that using martial law to restore order was the only option and on June the 1st Li Peng issued a report titled On the True Nature of the Turmoil, which was passed on to every member of the Politburo. This report basically persuaded the members of Politburo that these protestors were in fact terrorists and counterrevolutionaries. The report stated that the students were growing in numbers and their support was gaining strength. As the frustration grew higher and higher the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) decided that it would be best to clear Tiananmen Square as quickly and as peacefully as possible, but if the protestors would not comply, then the troops were authorized to use force to complete the job. On the evening of the 2nd of June, it was heard that a police jeep ran into four civilians, killing three, and injuring the other. This was the moment that sparked fear in the protestors that the police were trying to advance into Tiananmen Square. Roadblocks were made by the students at major intersections to prevent any further advancing from the troops, but this didnt stop them. In the early hours of June the 3rd, the first reports of violence on both sides were reported. Military advances to Tiananmen Square Soldiers and tanks from the 27th and 38th Armies of the Peoples Liberation Army were sent to take control of Beijing and clear Tiananmen Square. The 27th army was controlled and commanded by Yang Shangkun. Reports from the incident show that this army was responsible for most of the civilian deaths. Major General Xu Qinxian was the commander of the 38th army. He shocked the leadership when he refused orders from General Li Laizhu telling him to clear the square, he instead insisted on a written order. Xu was instantly removed from command and was later jailed for five years and following this, was expelled from the Party. As the word spread and more and more people found out that hundreds of thousands of troops were advancing from all four directions, panic broke out. The protestors began to flood the streets in attempt to block the oncoming troops. It was on this night that the army began to fire live bullets at the protestors, killing many of them. This took place near the Muxidi apartment buildings, home to high-level Party officials and their families. This sparked off riots in Tiananmen Square. The protestors would now throw rocks and Molotov cocktails at vehicles and on the streets and this, in turn, infuriated the officials. There were also reports of people burning soldiers alive in their armoured personnel carriers while others were beaten to death. Therefore, soldiers responded by firing at will on protestors. Many of the protestors were seriously injured or killed by the soldiers automatic weaponry, but fortunately rickshaw drivers who ventured out into no-mans-land rescued all they could and brought them to safety. Getting desperate and unable to move forward, the army therefore had to open fire on the civilians blocking their way. This shocked the crowd at first as they did not think that the army would use live ammunition. But this did not drive the people from the streets. The army tried everything in their power to evacuate the square but the protestors continued to fight back. Gas, smoke and randomly fired bullets were used against the demonstrators. Some of soldiers were even pulled from their tanks and beaten to death by the civilians. Some of the protestors left, in fear of risking their lives, but there were still hundreds of students left in Tiananmen Square by the time the army had reached it. Those who sought refuge in buses were ripped out from them by the soldiers and beaten to death with heavy sticks. In the early hours of June the 4th the tanks had smashed their way into the square, crushing vehicles and people with their way and by 5:40am the square had been cleared. Aftermath of the Massacre On the morning of June the 5th, people who were related to those who were injured or killed tried to enter the blockaded square but were shot at by the soldiers. Even when they tried to run away, the soldiers persisted in shooting them in the back. These actions were repeated several times. Finally order had been restored in Tiananmen Square but protests were still going on in other parts of mainland China. There were large protests in Hong Kong, where people wore black in conjunction with the demonstrators in Beijing. Other large protests were held in Guangzhou and in Shanghai. Many other countries had protests as well, all representing the people of Beijing with black bands worn around their arms. There is little to no evidence of how many people were killed during the massacre. Sources range from 1200 to 10,000 (including soldiers). To this day nobody has an official death count number. The Tank Man While a convoy of about a dozen tanks headed eastward into Tiananmen Square a day after the military crackdown, a skinny man dressed in a white shirt and black pants holding two grocery bags, stepped in front of the leading tank. This step was a step into history for him. As soon as the tanks reached the man they came to a standstill. They were face to face with this man. He swung his shopping bags beckoning them to turn around and leave, but the tanks didnt move from where they were. When the leading tank tried to turn to the right to go around him, the Tank Man would jump to the left in front of it and when it would try to go the other way; he would jump in front of it again, stopping the tanks in their path. After a brief standoff, the Tank Man climbed onto the machine and appeared to be trying to talk to the men inside. Shortly after, two men came up and dragged him away. The famous picture of the Unknown Rebel smuggled out of China under the noses of officials and soon appeared on the front pages of newspapers all around the world. This man became a hero, and a legend to some. The fate of Tank Man who carried out his famous act of civil disobedience on June the 5th is unknown, some say he went into hiding and others say he was executed. I felt inspired after I had watched the footage of the man standing in front of the tanks. It took a lot of courage to do such a thing, putting his life at risk for the sake of his people. Its sad to think that he is not very well known in China and is more recognised in other parts of the world. This is due to Chinas censorship that ensures that most Chinese dont know what happened in June 1989. Why did the government kill their own people? This is probably one of the most outstanding queries of the entire protest and in the end its down to personal opinion as to why they opened fire on their own people. This is mainly because the Chinese government has been really secretive about the whole incident and never really let out any information. In my opinion, I think the government had no other choice even though they knew they were doing wrong. The protestors were even putting themselves in danger already before the army even came, people were getting crushed and people were passing out with hunger. Im not saying that the government was right to decide to do what they did, because a lot of innocent citizens were killed and this is never right in any case. Reactions from around the world The type of footage shown on Western television was definitely the first of its type and truly shocked the public. The Chinese governments response was denounced, particularly by Western governments and media. Criticism came all over the world from places such as Eastern Europe, North America, Australia and some Asian and Latin American countries also. Asian countries were found to keep silent throughout the protests; the government of India responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to pare down the coverage to the barest minimum, so as not to put their relation with China in danger. North Korea, Cuba, Czechoslovakia and East Germany among others supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests. Underlying Causes. I have done some online research on this topic and it seems as though a few people think that the protests were not as the seemed to be. People ask what would get a group of people to create a historic even like this in the first place? were they trying to appear in the media? Or were they just standing up for what they truly believe? Some people even go far enough as to say that it was the Illuminati U.S government that contacted a few hundred students in Beijing and were contracted to cause chaos and confusion in Chinas capital and that its all part of New World Order. It may seem impossible or crazy, but their opinion is as good as anybodys and theyre entitled to it. Impact on China and the rest of the world. In Hong Kong, the Tiananmen Square protests led to fears that the PRC would follow up on its commitments under one country, two systems following the impending handover in 1997. In response the Governor of PRC, Chris Patten, attempted to expand the franchise for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, which led to friction with Beijing. There have been large candlelight vigils attended by tens of thousands in Hong Kong every year since 1989 and these vigils have continued following the transfer of power to the PRC in 1997. There was also a giant impact on the Chinese economy after the massacre. Foreign loans to China were suspended for obvious reasons and tourism revenue decreased from US$2.2 billion to just US$1.8 billion. On top of this the foreign direct investment commitments were cancelled and there was a rise in defence spending from 8.6% to 15.5% in the following four years. This was just after a 10 year decline. Chinas international image was, needless to say, damaged greatly. Western media displayed real footage of the happenings while protestors in Beijing took this opportunity to create banners to display to the cameras in their best English. All international television networks were soon ordered to stop broadcasting their footage during military action, with the government shutting down satellite transmissions. Apparently, the only network that was able to record the scenes of the massacre without hassle during the 4th of June was Televisià ³n Espaà ±ola of Spain. Some foreign journalists were also faced with harassment during the military action. It is said that a cameraman was taken into custody while filing a report from Tiananmen Square via mobile phone. The Police at this time were very strict with cameras and would tell anybody they saw recording to stop immediately. The images that managed to break out of China had strongly shaped the views of Westerners and policy toward China in the next two decades. As for overseas Chinese students, the Tiananmen Square protests triggered the formation of Internet news services such as the China News Digest and the NGO China Support Network. Before this, there was little on the web. Organisations such as the China Alliance for Democracy and the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars were formed, although these organisations would have limited political impact in later years. The Tiananmen Massacre today The Massacre still lives with us today in different forms. Tourists are able to visit Tiananmen Square itself where the actual incident happened. Also there are various documentaries made and references to this famous event throughout the world. Theres even a 90 minute movie about the famous Tank Man. Songs have been written about the massacre and even paintings and drawings have been inspired by it. No matter how much the Chinese government try to hide this incident it will never be forgotten. April 15th 1989 to June 4th, 1989 marks an event forever in history that the Chinese and people worldwide will never forget.

Short Story/film Analysis :: essays research papers

Short Story/Film Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aric McDonald   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Short Story/Short Film   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comm. 411-35 11:30-12:45   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spring 1997 The three short stories are similar because they all involve jealousy. This type of jealousy surrounds the main characters who are envious of the achievements or the attention that another man receives. The first story is about an old man who is taking his wife on a second honeymoon when she encounters an old suitor, creating jealousy for the husband. In the second story, the jealousy surrounds Smurch who is envious of Charles Lindbergh's fame and accolades. The jealousy in the final story is the envy of the attention that any man with fame can receive from a woman. Each person's own insecurity allows envy to control their actions and creates trouble in their lives. The three stories all have jealousy, in some it is more clear than others. Jealousy lead two of the characters to make a fool of themselves, and it cost another character his life. In the first story, Charley took his wife Lucy on a second honeymoon, or Golden Honeymoon, as it is titled. While they are in St. Petersburg Fla., Mother was at the doctors office and began a conversation with a lady, only to discover that she is Mrs. Frank M. Hartsell, Lucy's ex-fiancee. This made Charley uncomfortable because he had rivaled Frank for Lucy's hand in marriage. A story that began as a second honeymoon for Lucy and Charley, became a jealous contest between two men. This reminds me of the movie, Grumpy Old Men, because of the unofficial mini contests that the two men have with each other. Comparing the film and the book, they were very similar except the sequence of events were different. In the story, The Greatest Man In The World, Smurch was jealous of the fame and accolades of Charles Lindbergh. Only some members of congress, the President, and the press knew this information. They felt it would be a disgrace to the United States if it was known to the public that this world hero was a man with poor upbringing ,bad manners, and seen as a hooligan. Smurch was not willing to change these traits, so the few officials that knew about them, pushed him out the window saying that he fell on accident. The book and movie had some discrepancies. One was the fuel tanks. In the film, Smurch dropped the tanks almost on top of his crowd, while in the book, he did not drop them at that site. Another contarst between them was after the landing. In the film Smurch was carried off the plane, while in the book he was carried

Language Frustration Essay -- Essays Papers

Language Frustration The article titled â€Å"Language Use in Family and in Society† written by Lee Thomas and Linh Cao, is about how language can affect a single family in a terrible way. Thomas teaches linguistics at the University of Nevada, Reno, and Cao is an English teacher at Sparks High School located in Sparks, Nevada. Cao has much background information on the topic because she herself is part of the family discussed in this essay. Their concern with a language barrier is that it leads to confusion and frustration within the family. They give examples of families becoming more distant due to miscommunication and their sense of loss. Imagine trying to speak with your mother and only understanding half of what she says. Sure you would get the idea, but what if you needed to respond with emotions and feelings that weren’t understood? This article gives you a better sense of acceptance to the many dialects in the world today. Rhetorical appeals called Pathos an d Ethos were used in order to convince the readers that communication is an important part of a family. By using a problem / solution argument, this article presents a problem and suggests a solution. Authors Lee Thomas and Linh Cao write this essay to inform people of the struggles multicultural or bilingual families face when communicating. It does so by stating specific examples from personal experiences and effects it has on families. The intended audience, to which this appeals, is mainly the people of the United States. However, a broader appeal is to people from around the world, who suffer from or understand the situation faced by the family in the story. This was not written to change a person’s mind or influence ... ...er’s dialect and societal influences. As this article informs, it is essential that people begin learning the importance of language. It gives examples of how and why private languages are not effective in society and the problems it may cause. By understanding and observing one family, this story depicts how lack of interest or inability to speak another language can result in family discomfort and individual isolation. The family described is only one of many currently facing these problems. It is difficult to manage a family without respectable communication and makes a person feel secluded not only from society, but their family as well. Through dedication and perseverance a solution for better communication will come within families and in the community. This would decrease the anger and frustration found in today’s multilingual families.

Parliamentary Reform between 1830 and 1832 in Great Britain Essay

There were many reasons why between 1830 and 1832 parliamentary reform became a big and unyielding issue on the political landscape. The industrial revolution was in full swing, discontent was rife and consequently revolutionary ideas were materialising. But how did the parliamentary reform gain momentum and become such a significant matter among so many other pressing conflicts and issues? The Tory party were in office prior to parliamentary reform and for years they had time and again strenuously refused to widen the electorate, arguing what made the British political system so very successful was due to the fact that their was more emphasis on the landowning than the sheer numbers of electorate. The Tory party dominated British politics with the support of royals such as George III and George IV. However, by 1830 divisions in the party began to form and came to prominence. The cause of these divisions was the issue of Roman Catholic Emancipation which led to Tory hardliners threatening to support reform in order to ensure a wider electorate that would throw out any idea of emancipation with fervour. This split in the Tory government eventual became so bitter that the Tory government eventually collapsed in November 1830. Simultaneously, the Whig party were facing a resurgence of support and fortune. The Whig party were keener on the idea of cautious reform and believed that through reform key aspects of the political system had to be preserved. Such democratic ideas were bourn from Whig MPs who were more in tune with society at the time since some MPs were not from aristocrat families but from the middle classes- those at the forefront of the industrial revolution. Previously, the Whigs had attempted at sponsoring reform ... ...During this time a closer relationship was built between the middle and working class. The trigger for this new partnership was a Birmingham banker by the name of Thomas Attwood. Attwood created the group General Political Union which campaigned for reform. This was an example of a flourishing pressure group by raising the profile of their cause through petitions, rallies and peaceful protest. Grey however had the intention of splitting this alliance by promising the middle classes moderate reform. Overall, the most important reason for parliamentary reform becoming a promising issue was because of the collapse of the Tory government. Without the collapse of the Tory government the consequential events could not have occurred such as the Whig party gaining momentum and support from the people of Britain which eventually led to the out-dated system being reformed.

The Company Man Analysis Essay

ANALYSIS 7 Essay: The Company Man The typical business man involved in corporate America works anywhere from six to ten hours per day. Phil, â€Å"the Company Man† worked six days a week sometimes until eight or nine at night, making himself a true workaholic. Using his life story before he died Goodman is able to convey her liking toward Phil but her dislike of what the business world has turned him into. Not only does Goodman use a number of rhetorical devices but she also uses Phil’s past as well as the people who were once in Phil’s life to get her message across to her reader. Ellen Goodman sarcastically creates the obituary of a man who dedicated his life to his job and the company he worked for. Goodman uses anaphora, satire, diction, sentence structure, and selection of detail to complete her obituary of this â€Å"Company Man†. Emphasizing the fact that Phil worked himself to death, Goodman chose pure sarcasm to make this particular emphasis. She shows through this repeated phrases, that he must have chosen work over family quite often, working to provide for his family which resulted in the simple fact that â€Å"he worked himself to death, finally and precisely, at 3:00a. m Sunday morning. Goodman’s use of repetition leads to show her satirical writing. â€Å"On Saturdays, Phil wore a sports jacket to the office instead of a suit, because it was the weekend† shows Goodman’s use of satire in one of the many examples throughout the obituary. Toward the end of the essay, Goodman describes how the company president starts the funeral with a hint of sarcasm, â€Å"discreetly of course, with care and taste† using a tongue and cheek method to provide a subtle shift in tone. The president then begins to question who will replace Phil ending with a paradoxical sentence â€Å"‘Who’s been working the hardest? † getting down to the business of replacing Phil, providing another example of a stereotypical business approach. The vivid diction describes the sarcasm that Goodman has towards Phil. Goodman composes her paragraphs with careful rhythm and beat; she repeats â€Å"finally,† â€Å"precisely† and â€Å"perfect† three times. Phil’s constancy and lack of variation are embodied in rigid words such as â€Å"always,† â€Å"of course,† and â€Å"Type A. † Extreme diction such as â€Å"overweight,† â€Å"nervous,† and â€Å"workaholic† convey Phil as a worrywart with no fun at all in his life. These words mock Phil as a man sincerely obsessed with work that had lost track of his priorities. Goodman deepens her point when she introduces Phil’s family, using diction in relation to business to further emphasize the importance of work to Phil. To Phil’s wife Helen, â€Å"A company friend said ‘I know how much you will miss him. ’ And she answered, ‘I already have. ’† His eldest son tells the reader of how he went around the neighborhood gathering research on his father. His daughter recalls how whenever she was alone with him they had nothing to say to each other. When Phil’s youngest son reminisces on how he tried to mean enough to his father to keep him at home. Goodman informs the reader that the youngest child was Phil’s favorite. Goodman’s sentence structure of long, short, long, helps the shorter sentence stick out more to the reader. But she ends the paragraph with a sad ironic sentence, â€Å"My father and I only board here. † implying that he never really was successful. The descriptions of Phil in â€Å"The Company Man† are sardonically accusatory of the present way people live in society. Goodman makes light of how Phil is a heart attack waiting to happen, his seventy-hour workweeks and egg sandwiches. â€Å"Of course,† used thee times, translates as the acceptance that we have towards intolerable living conditions in order to fulfill the American dream. Like many Americans, Phil is constantly obsessed about his work and whether or not he will ascend to the top position. Through these details she describes the monotonous, repetitive way that society exists today. Throughout the column, images negatively portray the lifestyle that Phil lives. Superficially, all seems well because his family lives a comfortable existence. Emotionally, however, his family has missed his emotional support for years. His wife, Helen, gave up â€Å"trying to compete with his work years ago. † All of his children grew up in a so-called normal family with a father and mother. At his funeral, though, they do not have enough memories about him to say a proper eulogy. Phil himself was â€Å"overweight† and unhealthy, obsessed with work and negligent with his personal life. Goodman condemns the lifestyle that Phil leads by using negative and poignant imagery. Ellen Goodman develops an attitude of pity for Phil, and resentment for the company through rhetorical techniques by portraying that to his wife and to his children, Phil had become so consumed with his position as one of the Important People that he had all but completely removed himself from their emotional reach for the sake of his company life. Goodman’s vision of the corporate world and its influence and affect on our lives is portrayed through her diction and choice of detail in her anecdote of the reflection of the life of the A-Type, workaholic, Phil.

A Review Of Ang Lees Film

‘Compare the movie version of ‘Brokeback Mountain ‘ with Proulx ‘s narrative, explicating to what extent you feel Ang Lee ‘s movie represents its subjects and thoughts. This essay will take to compare the movie version of ‘Brokeback Mountain ‘ with Annie Proulx ‘s short narrative. It will explicate, discourse every bit good as measure the ways in which Ang Lee represented cardinal subjects and thoughts through-out the movie. Many subjects and thoughts were dealt with in the movie, some of which will be looked at such as, relationships, love, desire and the Gothic. Ang Lee was able to show Jack and Ennis ‘s maleness through their physical characteristics, the occupations that they undertook, every bit good as through their vesture, throughout the film. The two work forces were seen to be working on the land, making strenuous physical labor and played out the masculine roles in society. In both the film and the short narrative Jack and Ennis ‘ relationship with nature was masculine in the manner that they spent a great trade of clip in the unfastened countryside at work. Their relationship with the land strengthened through the word picture of their love devising on Brokeback Mountain which showed their deep connexion and assurance with their milieus. Even though the work forces were portrayed as masculine figures throughout both the movie and the narrative, there was besides a really outstanding displacement in the gender functions, as Jack and Ennis both alternated between the traditional functions of male & A ; female. ‘Cent ral to Proulx ‘s thought is non merely the subjectiveness of people shaped by geographical restraints, bounds and chances, but besides that the societal universes produced reveal personal narrations of battle which frequently question determined societal functions. ‘ [ 1 ] It could be argued that the short narrative was entirely about the love of two work forces for each other and how this impacted on the lives they were expected to take. However the film focused more on their place life and domestic functions, such as Ennis neglecting to supply and care for his kids. The short narrative merely briefly mentioned Ennis ‘ household life. In the film, there was great insight into the work forces ‘s married life whereas in the book there is non much accent on this. This would hold helped the spectator to dig more profoundly into their personal lives and hence have a better apprehension of them. The adult females in the movie version of Brokeback Mountain were more seeable, referred to more and had a significantly active function in the narrative in relation to Jack and Ennis. The spectator was able to see life from the adult females ‘s points of position and into the adversities of their lives. Whereas in the short narrative they were simply portrayed as obstructions that stopped Jack and Ennis from prosecuting their romantic relationship. It could be argued that Ang Lee did non desire adult females to simply be on the border in this movie, he likely wanted to convey the adult females to the foreground of the narrative since conventional relationships are between work forces and adult females, unlike Proulx whose version was more closely focused around the relationship between Jack and Ennis. In both versions the adult females were powerless to impact what was traveling on, particularly after they finally discovered that Jack and Ennis were more than merely friends. T here was nil that they could make, as they were unable to efficaciously act upon the state of affairs in their favor, . ‘ †¦ and the door gap and Alma looking out for a few seconds at Ennis ‘s straining shoulders†¦ .She had seen what she had seen. ‘ [ 2 ] In add-on, this narrative was set at a clip when adult females were seen to be more dominant in the private domestic domain, therefore they seemed to be naA?ve of about the departures on in the outside universe and possibly did non hold a loud adequate voice to stand up to work forces. One of the chief subjects in Ang Lee ‘s movie version of ‘Brokeback Mountain ‘ was the added dimension of nature and the milieus of the West in which the movie was set. Proulx ‘ mentions to the landscape to put the scenes were really descriptive throughout the narrative. ‘The mountain boiled with diabolic energy, glazed with wavering broken-cloud visible radiation ; the air current combed the grass and Drew from the damaged krummholz and slit stone a beastly drone. ‘ [ 3 ] The astonishing amazing shootings of the landscape in Ang Lee ‘s film, gave a new dimension to the movie as the shootings of nature became merely every bit much a portion of the movie as the narrative line. â€Å" The beauty of the shootings about every bit of import as duologue † [ 4 ] The impact that nature had on people who already felt comfy in the unfastened state were given more depth and significance. Spending clip together on Brokeback Mountain was like a retreat or a safe oasis from society in which Jack and Ennis would hold been judged because of the nature of their relationship. Whilst on Brokeback Mountain the accent on nature meant that they felt free and at peace off from society and were able to be themselves without the hazard of being ridiculed or judged. The image of the dead sheep on the mountain, in the movie, acted as a metaphor for the thought that even though the work forces felt safe and free on the mountain they were still vulnerable in the eyes of society. The chief subjects that ran through the movie were that of love, relationships and desire. There were great similarities in the short narrative and the film in the ways in which the characters related to each other, their emotion and concern. The manner that Jack was so caring towards Ennis, was expressed absolutely through both mediums. The manner their relationship was portrayed was so painful as they could ne'er be together was shown in different ways in both the short narrative and the film. † They have to privatize their feelings † [ 5 ] . The original duologue from the narrative added another dimension to Ang Lee ‘s movie. As a batch of the clip the characters whispered or spoke in a quiet mode, it gives the feeling that what they were stating was non to be shared with others. The scene in the film where Ennis became hysterical after Jack ‘s going from Brokeback Mountain, was really much more dear and emotional than in the short narrative, ‘within a stat mi Ennis felt like person was drawing his backbones out†¦ ‘ [ 6 ] . The emotion was non felt whilst reading the book, it was better conveyed in the film. The ground for this may hold been as a consequence of the musical soundtrack and the stopping point up camera shootings which showed Ennis as wholly overwrought. This was evident besides near the terminal of the movie by the lines, â€Å" ‘I wish I knew how to discontinue you ‘ † [ 7 ] , which were spoken, the tone and volume of which this short line was spoken displayed the hurting that Ennis and Jack were digesting by being apart. In add-on, in the concluding scene at Jack ‘s house with the two shirts, one inside the other ; the scene was portrayed better visually than in the book due to the impact that the music had over the scene, which was non achieved in the short narrative. However, it the words used in the short narrative were powerful in their simpleness. ‘The shirt seemed heavy until he saw there was another inside it†¦ the brace like two teguments, one inside the other, two in one. ‘ [ 8 ] On a actual degree this scene added shaped to the narrative, as the narrative ended where it started, both with dreams, both with shirts. Both the film and the short narrative expressed cardinal elements of the Gothic. Two of the most outstanding elements were force and enigma. Proulx ‘s short narrative had an equivocal stoping in which the reader was unsure of how Jack died and who killed him. His household and Ennis were left inquiring if it was an accident or if it was on intent as a consequence of person happening out about his secret relationship with Ennis. The stoping was left for the spectator to make up one's mind and to utilize their imaginativeness as to who killed Jack and how he was killed, rather like a slaying enigma. â€Å" Not merely did I want to be loyal to [ Proulx ‘s ] authorship, but I needed to make extra scenes to corroborate her authorship, because we do n't hold the internal word pictures which she did most brightly. â€Å" ‘ [ 9 ] This was true systematically throughout the movie. There were many subdivisions in the movie that did non look in the narrative, such as the statement between Jack and his father-in-law on Thanksgiving, and the scenes where Jack went to Mexico to research his gender and the greater deepness and penetration into their household lives and the people closest to them. Scenes even appeared in a different order. However things that were losing from the movie were filled with drawn-out scenes that were besides non in the short narrative. These drawn-out scenes gave the spectator a greater penetration into the lives of Jack and Ennis every bit good as those that they interacted with. Futhermore in the film Ang Lee used flashbacks every bit good as cartridge holders which gave the spectator a greater penetration into the unknown, and to things that were below the surface of the characters initial ideas. The spectator ever had the Fuller image drawn out for them, which was pieced together by the existent plot line. This was present in the manner that Ang Lee used a flashback to demo how Ennis ‘ male parent showed him what happened to a adult male who lived with another male nevertheless this was non presented in the same manner in the short narrative. The film was rather direct and ocular and the narrative had a unequivocal stoping and the audience knew precisely what happened to Jack even if the other characters in movie did non. The usage of the film as a ocular assistance meant that there was more freedom in the thought of the Gothic with the ghastly scenes of the adult male who was castrated every bit good as the slaying of Jack. The book ended as it stated that the love felt by Ennis was endured, but it was merely an terminal to the physical but non emotional love. It was as if the narrative still continued beyond the text, and would go on to make so every bit long as society failed to travel on. ‘There was some unfastened infinite between what he knew and what he tried to believe, but nil could be done about it, and if you ca n't repair it you ‘ve got to stand it ‘ . [ 10 ] The long silences and deep stares that were exchanged between Jack and Ennis throughout the movie expressed their mute love, this was more efficaciously displayed in the movie than the short narrative. ‘Because of their Stoic characters, the narrative has much to make with what is mute, with the shame and guilt that fills them ‘ [ 11 ] This made the movie a batch more powerful than the narrative as a consequence of these silences. ‘ †¦ narrative item is echoed by Ang Lee cinematically. The beauty and pureness of the emotions is matched by the countrified stateliness of the landscape ; in cut downing the narrative to a existence of simpleness of scenery and emotion, Lee was seeking to make a new deepness for a love narrative ‘ . [ 12 ] As a consequence of the shame and guilt that would hold been forced upon them whilst in society Brokeback Mountain gave them a sense of freedom to make things that would non hold been acceptable in society at the clip. ‘Ang Lee tells us that the focal point on emotion can non be articulated in words, and employs the imagined iconic purdah of the cowpuncher†¦ ‘ [ 13 ] The usage of camera shootings such as panning and close ups helped to covey the emotion through the screen to the spectator, this therefore enabled the spectator to hold a better emotional connexion with the characters. One of the chief versions that Ang Lee made to the movie version of Brokeback Mountain was his choice of his dramatis personae, particularly the chief characters. Whereas in the short narrative Jack and Ennis were non described as excessively good looking work forces, nevertheless Ang Lee ‘s dramatis personae did non portray this.BibliographyCampbell, N. ( 2009 ) From narrative to movie: Brokeback Mountain ‘s ‘in-between ‘ infinites, Canadian Review of American Studies, Volume 39, Number 2, 2009Dilley, W. ( 2007 ) The Cinema of Ang Lee: The Other Side of the Screen, London: Wallflower ImperativenessGrindstaff, D. ( 2008 ) The Fist and the Cadaver: Taming the Queer Sublime in Brokeback Mountain, Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Volume 5, Issue 3Hunt, A. ( ed. ) ( 2008 ) The Geographical Imagination of Annie Proulx: Rethinking Regionalism, United Kingdom: Lexington BooksIntertexts ( 2006 ) Conversing Brokeback Mountain ‘s varied infinites and c ontested desires. . [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-7044583/Conversing-Brokeback-Mountain-s-varied.html Date of entree ( 12/12/09 ) .Johnson, L. S. ( 2006 ) Brokeback Mountain, Movie Reviews, The Journal of American History Vol.93, No.3 p.988.Lee, A. ( 2005 ) Brokeback Mountain DVD, Focus FeaturesMcDonald, J. ( 2007 ) Thwarting the representation of the masculine ‘West ‘ in Ang Lee ‘s Brokeback Mountain. Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review, 3 ( 2 ) .National Association For Research and Therapy of Homosexuality ( 2008 ) Essayists Review Themes In ‘Brokeback Mountain ‘ . [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.narth.com/docs/brokeback.html Date of entree ( 21/12/09 ) .Prefontaine, C. ( 2008 ) Heath Ledger in Ang Lee ‘s Brokeback Mountain, Suite 101. [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //filmdramas.suite101.com/article.cfm/review_brokeback_m ountain Date of Access: ( 21/12/09 ) .Testa, M. ( 2005 ) Exclusive PJH Interview: At near scope with Annie Proulx, JH Weekly. [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.planetjh.com//music_arts_culture/A_100138.aspx Date of entree: ( 20/12/09 ) .Pullen, C. Brokeback Mountain as Progressive Narrative and Cinematic Vision: Landscape, Emotion and the Denial of Domesticity ‘in ‘ Hunt, A. ( 2009 ) The Geographical imaginativeness of Annie Proulx, United Kingdom: Lexington Books Pp.155Proulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited Pp. 21-22Proulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited Pp.16Gyllenhaal, J. ( 2005 ) Brokeback Mountain, DVD, ‘in ‘ Ang Lee, Interview from the docudrama: On Bing a Cowboy, Focus FeaturesLee, A. ( 2005 ) Interview from the docudrama: On Bing a Cowboy, Brokeback Mountain DVD, Focus FeaturesProulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited, Pp.17Proulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited, Pp.44Proulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited Pp. 55Lee. A. ( 2005 ) Interview with Carlo Cavagna, ‘in ‘ Dilley, C. W. ( 2007 ) The Cinema of Ang Lee the Other Side of the Screen, London: Wallflower Press, P. 167Proulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited, Pp. 58Dilley, C. W. ( 2007 ) The Cinema of Ang Lee the Other Side of the Screen, London: Wallflower Press, P.164Dilley, C. W. ( 2007 ) The Cinema of Ang Lee the Other Side of the Screen, London: Wallflower Press, P.166Lee, A. ( 2005 ) Interview from the docudrama: On Bing a Cowboy, Brokeback Mountain DVD, Focus Features ‘in ‘ Pullen, C. Brokeback Mountain as Progressive Narrative and Cinematic Vision: Landscape, Emotion and the Denial of Domesticity ‘in ‘ Hunt, A. ( ed. ) The Geographical Imagination of Annie Proulx, United Kingdom: Lexington Books Pp.160